Internet

Internet regulation

• Internet regulation in EU countries
• Internet regulation in Kazakhstan

Internet Professional Code

Main article: Code of Professional Activity on the Internet

Number of Internet users

Main article: Internet access (global market)

At the end of 2019, there are more than 4.1 billion Internet users in the world, or 53% of the world's population

Number of sites

For the summer of 2016, according to research, out of more than a billion available sites, only 25% of^[1] are active].

As of the end of 2010, 255 million websites, 152 million blogs, 175 million Twitter users and 600 million Facebook users were counted on the Web. Over the year, the number of sites increased by 21.4 million, the number of Twitter users increased by 100 million, and Facebook - by 250 million.

The largest sites in the world

Main article: The world's largest sites

What languages ​ ​ are spoken on the Internet

As of April 2021

Internet domains

Main article: Domains

Internet protocols

Main Article: TCP/IP

China introduced a new Internet protocol to the world, facilitating total censorship

Main article: New IP (Internet Protocol).

Audience of Internet services

In 2019, media consumption on the Internet surpassed television for the first time.

In 2016, 46% of the world's population has access to the Internet, that is, more than 3.4 billion people.

During 2010, users viewed an average of about 2 billion videos daily on YouTube, uploading more than 35 hours of video content per minute to this site. About 20 million videos are uploaded to Facebook every month.

The researchers also calculated that the largest photo hosting Flickr already stores more than 5 billion photos, and 3 thousand new images are uploaded to the site every minute.

Autonomous Internet in Russia

Main article: Autonomous sovereign Internet in Russia

National Internet Segments

2023: Russia rises to 13th place in national Internet stability ranking

Russia has risen from 14th to 13th place in the Internet stability rating, which is maintained by Qrator Labs. In their study, experts take into account the work of telecom operators, the failure of which can lead to the loss of global availability of a significant number of autonomous systems of the national segment of the Internet.

According to Kommersant, citing materials from Qrator Labs, Russia has improved its position in the ranking due to an increase in the reliability of the Runet, as well as due to a sharp drop in Singapore in the ranking - from 15th to 4th place. The first three lines of the list were taken by Brazil, Germany and the Netherlands. Holland gained five places in the year, finishing third and moving England to fourth place in the ranking. Japan, absent from the top 20 since 2021, returned to it immediately in fifth place. China was in 12th place after two years of absence in the top twenty; Indonesia lost 13 places, plummeting from 4th to 17th place.

Over the year, the maximum percentage of possible network failure in Russia decreased from 5.5% to 5.34%. Thus, a smaller number of networks will suffer from the failure of Rostelecom's infrastructure. In terms of network reliability among Russian telecom operators, Transtelecom took the first position, followed by VimpelCom, Megafon, Rostelecom, VK and MTS technological networks.

Russian autonomous systems always try to have at least two upstream providers to ensure high fault tolerance, and in this case, this "tradition" has been showing positive results for the second year in a row. Nevertheless, it should be borne in mind that the positions in the ranking may be negatively affected by the consolidation and unification of telecom operators, if any, in the future, says a study by Qrator Labs.[2]

2022: Study of the sustainability of national segments of the Internet

On September 7, 2022, Qrator Labs presented the results of a study of the impact of possible network failures of backbone carriers on the global availability of national Internet segments.

The study explains how failure of a single autonomous system (AS) affects the global connectivity of an individual region. In most cases, the largest autonomous system in the region is the dominant Internet Service Provider (ISP) in the market; in other words, the study figures show what percentage of networks in each country will be left without Internet access if the country's main Internet provider fails.

According to the results of a study of national segments of 249 countries of the world in 2022, a rating of states was compiled in ascending order of the indicator reflecting the dependence of the availability of national segments of the Internet on failures in the work of the most significant telecom operators (Tier-1).

Operators were selected to form a rating, the failure of which could lead to the loss of global availability of the largest percentage of autonomous systems of a given national segment.

Comparison Table Top 20 Countries for Sustainability of National Internet Segments 2021-2022

Key changes:

• Thailand out of Top 20
• Spain out of the Top 20
• US out of Top 20
• Taiwan out of the Top 20
• Ireland, Belgium Hong Kong and re-entered the Top 20 after leaving the ranking in 2021
• Seychelles enter Top 20 for first time

The fault tolerance rating of the Internet as a whole has been a fairly stable indicator of communication development for many years in a row, while in 2022 there were several significant changes in it at once.

First of all, attention is drawn to the continuing fall in US indicators in the global ranking, as a result of which the country leaves the Top 20 in 2022. This is primarily due to the continued consolidation of telecom operators and their investment not so much in improving the fault tolerance of the Internet as in the development of additional services for users, such as video broadcasts, showing TV shows, etc.

An even more telling example in this case is Switzerland. In 2020, it announced the acquisition of previously independent Swiss Internet provider Sunrise Communications by international conglomerate Liberty Global. As a result of this transaction, according to measurements by Qrator.Radar, telecom operator Sunrise Communications and all its customers were completely dependent on the routing policies of the autonomous system Liberty Global. Due to the small size of the state, this event alone led to a colossal decrease in the measurable fault tolerance of the Swiss Internet, as a result of which the country fell from second place to tenth in the ranking.

Similar processes are observed in a number of other countries, in particular, in Russia, where the percentage of potential network failure has been continuously increasing for four years. In our opinion, this is similarly related to the ongoing processes of both organizational and technical consolidation of the industry. Therefore, the likelihood that in 2023 Russia will, in principle, leave the Top 20 is quite high.

At the same time, the rest of the leaders of the rating hold fairly stable positions. States such as, Brazil, Germany Netherlands Great Britain are invariably held in the Top 6, as they are primarily home countries for the world's largest traffic exchange points - the first, second, third and fifth largest in the world, respectively. In this regard, these countries always have enough paths between autonomous systems so that the failure of one does not lead to the inaccessibility of the entire region.

It is worth noting that in Russia there is the sixth in the list of the world's largest traffic exchange points - MSK-IX, covering seven million-plus cities - but at the same time everything is lower in the stability rating. This once again confirms that the Russian Federation, apparently, does not fully use its potential for connectivity.

At the same time, if in 2016 it was enough to have a potential network failure rate of just over 8% to get into the Top 20, then as of September 2022, even a figure of 6.5% is no longer enough to be in the lead. In general, there is clearly a tendency to increase the level of fault tolerance in the world: the average reliability indicator has improved from 35.84% to 26.7%.

Despite the ongoing processes of consolidating the global communications market in most countries, this, with the exception of individual countries, does not negatively affect the resilience of the Internet in itself. Autonomous systems are enlarged, but at the same time they tighten a large number of mutual ties with other ASs. This network of autonomous systems is becoming more stable and there are more achievable paths between points online, "said Alexander Lyamin, founder of Qrator Labs.

Percentage of ASs in a country that have only partial connectivity in IPv6

The situation with the introduction of the new generation IPv6 protocol is still far from ideal, and in 2022, compared to 2021, the overall performance of IPv6 even worsened. To get into the Top 20 on IPv6, it is enough to have no more than 10% failure, which in itself is already a fairly high figure. As of September 2022, the indicators for IPv6 are still worse than for IPv4, since mostly large operators have so far begun to implement the new protocol. In some countries, such an operator may be, for example, Google, and in case of its refusal, other players will be left without any communication.

Due to the nature of the IPv6 implementation, the instability of the positions of the rating participants is more understandable than in IPv4. In particular, Russia's IPv6 indicator for the year worsened by more than 1%, which in the IPv4 rating would be enough to leave the Top 20. But since the fluctuations in the list are higher and the requirements for getting into the rating are almost 2 times lower, even with such a continuing deterioration, Russia was able to gain a foothold in the rating using the IPv6 protocol. How much this situation will continue in 2023 and whether Russia will lose its place in both ratings, time will tell, - said Alexander Lyamin.

At the beginning of September 2022, the deployment of IPv6 in the world reaches about 40%, but we expect that the situation will gradually improve if the protocol on its network is supported by a large operator in a particular region.

2019: National Internet Network Segments Sustainability Study

On August 5, 2019, a company Qrator Labs specializing in countering - and DDoSto the attacks ensuring the availability Internet of - resources presented the results of a study of the impact of possible network failures of backbone operators communications on the global availability of national Internet segments.

This study explains how the failure of one autonomous system (AS) affects the global connectivity of an individual region, especially when it comes to the country's large Internet provider (ISP). Internet connectivity at the network level is the result of interaction between autonomous systems of telecom operators. The larger the number of alternative traffic routes between autonomous systems, the more fault-tolerant and stable the Internet segment is. Having as many alternatives as possible is the only way to diversify the market.

The global connectivity of any AU, whether it represents a secondary Internet provider or an international giant with millions of service consumers, depends on the number and quality of its paths to Tier-1 providers. As a rule, Tier-1 involves an international company offering a global IP transit service and connecting to other Tier-1 operators.

The sustainability rating of national segments of the Internet is calculated by Qrator Labs for the fourth year in a row.

According to the results of the study of national segments of 244 countries of the world in 2019, a rating of states was compiled in ascending order of the indicator reflecting the dependence ^[3] national segments of the Internet from failures in the work of the most significant telecom operators (Tier-1).

IPv4 Reliability (Internet Protocol version 4)

The calculation of the indicator for each study country was made according to the following method:

At the first stage, using the Qrator.Radar global Internet modeling system, for each operator in the world, all alternative traffic routes to transcontinental Tier-1 operators were calculated.

At the second stage, using the IPIP geodatabase, each IP address of each autonomous system was associated with a country.

Further, for each IVS, the share of its address space corresponding to the selected region was calculated.

Operators were selected to form a rating, the failure of which could lead to the loss of global availability of the largest percentage of autonomous systems of a given national segment.

Key changes:

• The United States dropped 11 positions, from 7th place to 18
• Bangladesh out of Top 20
• Ukraine rose from 12th place to 4th
• Austria flew out of 20th place
• Two countries returned to the Top 20: Italy and Luxembourg, after leaving the ranking in 2017 and 2018, respectively

Every year in the reliability rating you can observe interesting dynamics. While in 2018 the total indicators of the 20 leading countries for the year changed slightly, in 2019 we note a positive global trend towards increasing the reliability and overall availability of networks around the world. The number of countries with a high degree of fault tolerance, where the failure of networks of backbone carriers affects less than 10% of autonomous systems in the region increased by 5, compared with 2018, reaching a total of 35,

IPv6 Reliability (Internet Protocol version 6)

If any and only path to Tier-1 provider is sufficient to maintain global connectivity in IPv4, then in IPv6 this may not be the case. Due to the ongoing peer-to-peer wars between multiple top-level providers in IPv6, they are not all related to each other. If the network is connected to only one of their sides, it will not have full connectivity in IPv6. In other words, to ensure complete connectivity and the highest reliability of the path to Tier-1, operators must be present at all times.

A year later, it can be stated that the IPv4 protocol is still much more reliable than IPv6. The average share of networks losing global availability when a single carrier fails is 37.076% for IPv4 and 45.47% for IPv6. Compared to 2018, the value of this indicator for IPv4 decreased by 0.924%, which indicates positive dynamics.

Our rating demonstrates that competition-based ISP markets have a high degree of diversification and are developing more dynamically. Their networks become significantly more stable and fault tolerant against internal and external risks. Without a competitive market, any autonomous system failure can lead to a loss of network connection for a significant part of the country's users or the entire region.

Amount of data on the Internet

2022: Total "weight" of all information on the Internet - 90 zettabytes

According to the analytical company, IDC the volume data contained servers Internet in 2018 was 33. zettabyte A zettabyte is 1021 bytes, or 1000 exabytes, each of which in turn is equal to 1000 petabytes consisting of 1000 terabytes (1 terabyte corresponds to the average volume). hard drive laptop The growth of data on the Internet in IDC was estimated at 30% per year, with a forecast of 175 Zbytes by 2025. As of 2022, there should be approximately 90 ZB of data on the Web, with half of it contained in. cloudy storages This became known on October 3, 2022.

History of development

2023: Alphabet and Meta dominate US internet

Each visit to the Internet is associated with many factors. One random access to the network requires access to the device, operating system, and probably some combination of a web browser, search engine, and special. applications.

Визуализация доминирующего положения Google online in the United States. Graphical analysis of companies targeted by users in the United States when visiting the Internet on a daily basis.

Much of this digital infrastructure in the U.S. is owned and operated by very few companies. Apple dominates the mobile market, and Alphabet has more than 50% share of the browser and search market, as well as two of the most visited websites in the world. In the United States, Meta Platforms controls all three of the most popular social networks.

2022: The US Council on Foreign Relations announced the end of the era of the global Internet. Overview of the report

The utopian idea of ​ ​ an open, reliable and secure global network has not come to fruition and, this is unlikely to happen ever. Today, the internet is less free, more fragmented and less secure. This conclusion is contained in the report of the American Council on Foreign Relations "Confrontation of reality in cyberspace. Foreign Policy of the Fragmented Internet, "published in July 2022. Pavel Poteev, an expert at the Center for Training Leaders and Teams of Digital Transformation of the Higher School of Economics, RANEPA, prepared a review of the report at the request of TAdviser.

2020: Cisco releases top Internet forecasts

On April 14, 2020, Cisco published the results [1] of the Annual Internet Report study on the development of the Internet around the world, and for the first time they presented it at an online briefing. TAdviser selected the main figures and theses of how the manufacturer of network and telecommunications equipment sees the development of the Internet until 2023. Read more here.

2015

The company Mastertel"" presented in 2015 a popular science film about the development of communication technologies. Viewers will learn about how data technologies developed: from the signal fires of ancient people, the invention of the telegraph and the phone, to modern fiber-optic networks.

The authors of the film showed what modern communication networks are, how their construction is carried out and reliability is ensured. Simply and clearly, the film presents the capabilities and basic principles of the modern telecommunications network, as well as shows the process of manufacturing and laying an optical cable

2011

1991: First Site

On August 23, 1991, English software engineer Timothy Berners-Lee introduced the World Wide Web to the world.

It is worth noting that the birthday of the Internet is considered August 6, 1991, when the first website was created. However, only employees of the CERN laboratory had access to it, and on August 23, everyone got access to the WWW pages. The site was written in HTML and hosted on a server based on the NeXT computer at CERN. Steve Jobs founded this company after being fired from Apple, then Apple bought it out.

The first site in the world and the first server is located at http://info.cern.ch and was dedicated to information about the World Wide Web project. It was also the first catalog of sites that people used before the advent of search engines.

Berners-Lee decided not to patent his technology and instead offered it as free software.

The prototype of the Internet appeared back in 1969 as a project of the Agency for Advanced Defense Research and Development USA (). DARPA Then it was a network of four computers that could exchange data among themselves.

Berners-Lee began work on WWW in 1989 and then created ON to read documents with hyperlinks and transition between them. Mosaic later released the installer of the first browser for computers Apple Macintosh and, Microsoft Windows which allowed the world wide network to be popularized.

In addition, Berners-Lee created the HTTP hypertext transfer protocol, the HTML document markup language, the URL resource locator, and many other IT developments.

From 1991 to 1993, Tim Berners-Lee continued to work on the World Wide Web. He collected feedback from users and coordinated the work of the Web. Then he first proposed his first URI, HTTP and HTML specifications for wide discussion.

1982: First emoji

Scott Falman was the first to propose the use of emojis as a way of expressing emotions when communicating online, 1982.

Internet development scenarios

Шаблон:Main 'Evolution of the Internet until 2025

As part of The Evolving Internet report (Growing Internet, August 2010), Cisco and Monitor Group experts have prepared four possible scenarios for the development of the Internet. According to one of them, the global network will continue to develop along the path of rapid expansion. Three other scenarios affect various risks and problems that Internet market leaders, authorities of various states and ordinary users will face.

See also

• Internet devices
• Email
• Internet banking
• Internet access (global market)
• Internet access (EU market)
• Internet access (Russian market)
• Internet access (US market)
• Internet Search (Global Market)
• Internet search in Russia
• Online Advertising (Global Market)
• Online advertising (Russian market)
• Online Advertising (US Market)
• Online Advertising (European Market)
• Internet trading (Russian market)
• Internet Traffic (Global Market)
• Internet economy
• Internet (China Market)
• Internet (Ukrainian market)
• Internet in Belarus
• Mobile broadband access Internet (Russian market)
• Internet of Things, IoT, M2M (Russian market)
• DOCSIS Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification

Notes