Rosatom reported on the results of the development of quantum computers within the framework of the roadmap

The main articles are:

• Quantum computer and quantum communication
• Quantum computers and networks in Russia

Annual results of the implementation of the roadmap "Quantum Computing"

2024: New processors, cloud platform, cooperation with Uzbekistan. Rosatom - about the main achievements in quantum computing

In the annual report for 2024, published in September, Rosatom reported, among other things, on the annual results of the implementation of the roadmap in the field of quantum computing. The state corporation conducts this activity within the framework of an agreement with the government of the Russian Federation on the development of the high-tech direction "Quantum Computing" for the period until 2030.

As part of the implementation of the roadmap in 2024, prototypes of quantum processors were developed on four main technological platforms for quantum computing, such as atoms, ions, superconductors and photons, including two 50-qubit quantum processors based on ions in traps and based on neutral ultracold atoms.

As of 2025, Russia is one of six countries with existing quantum processors of such or greater power, and among three countries along with the United States and China with existing quantum processors on four main platforms, Rosatom said in its annual report.

As for the development of quantum software, a domestic cloud platform has been created here as a future product and service for providing access to developed quantum computers to solve problems using quantum algorithms.

The Quantum Computing Roadmap covers a wide range of areas

For the period 2020-2024 34 quantum algorithms have been collectively developed, of which 12 in 2024, using which test and model problems of quantum optimization, quantum chemistry, quantum modeling, big data processing, etc. are solved on created quantum computers. etc.

In 2024, a program for the introduction of quantum computing in the nuclear industry, primarily quantum algorithms, was also launched and implemented. Over the year, 17 Rosatom organizations carried out work on 14 projects and three events in this area.

Over the same period, within the framework of the roadmap for quantum computers and software, including quantum algorithms and emulators, 121 results of intellectual activity were created, 12 patents for inventions and utility models were registered.

Great attention is paid to the development of human resources. It includes, among other things, conducting a "Digital Lesson" on quantum computing for schoolchildren and cooperation with universities.

At the same time, Rosatom seeks to expand the local and international community, in which the development of quantum technologies would be "cooked." In order to form and develop professional communities in the field of quantum computing, increase the level of awareness and involvement of Russian and international specialists, popularize the direction among communities of related areas, 26 international and domestic events were held in 2024 with an agenda on quantum computing, including specialized meetings, sessions, seminars and speeches at major business forums.

Next of all, international cooperation has so far advanced with some so-called friendly countries. So, in 2024, three memoranda of cooperation were signed with leading universities and organizations of Uzbekistan. And during visits to the BRICS countries, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, the Russian side visited 25 universities and scientific centers. Also launched programs for the exchange of specialists with universities of BRICS and Uzbekistan, are preparing to expand the program for the exchange of experience and internship of researchers.

As for the plans, at the next stage of technology development, which starts in 2025, there are tasks not only to scale quantum registers and increase the accuracy of operations, but also to miniaturize quantum devices, which will require innovative technologies and new engineering ideas, optimize circuitry solutions, integrated circuit topologies, various methods of enclosing, developing and manufacturing special electronic devices, etc.

In 2025, the R&D complex will be continued to develop quantum computers on various technological platforms and develop specialized software, including quantum algorithms, codes and methods for correcting and suppressing errors. By the end of 2025, it is planned to present a 70-qubit prototype of a quantum processor.

The goal of the project is to ensure the technological sovereignty of Russia in the field of quantum computing by 2030 through its own advanced inventions and their implementation in the economic and social sectors, and began practical application in various industries. It is expected that the result of the Russian quantum computing program by 2030 will be the use of a domestic quantum computer in solving the practical problems of science, economics and the public sector.

Implementation progress

2025

Report on the results of the development of quantum computers within the framework of the roadmap

On December 30, 2025, Rosatom announced the successful completion of control experiments as part of the roadmap for the development of quantum computing. The events took place from December 15 to 26, 2025 in the laboratories of the institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Center for Quantum Technologies of Moscow State University, NUST MISIS and other scientific centers.

As indicated in the official press release, during the tests, scientists worked with Russian prototypes of quantum computers on four platforms: ion, atomic, photon and superconductor. Experiments were also carried out on a quantum-optical simulator of the Ising machine.

Rosatom reported on the results of the development of quantum computers within the framework of the roadmap

Three prototypes of quantum processors showed a dimension level of 70 qubits or more. A group led by Ilya Semerikov presented a 70-qubit processor based on ytterbium ions with a two-qubit operation accuracy of 96.1%. Stanislaus Straupe's group demonstrated a system on neutral rubidium atoms with 72 qubits and 94% accuracy. Kirill Lakhmansky's team created a calcium ion processor using kusepts - quantum systems with seven levels. This architecture is equivalent to 72 qubits, it provided a record accuracy of two-qubit operations of 96.5%.

The scientific group of Alexei Ustinov from NITU MISIS presented prototypes of processors based on flaxoniums - qubits of a new type on a superconducting platform. One prototype has a linear architecture of 16 qubits, the other uses three-qubit operations to quickly create confusing states - a key resource for computing. The accuracy of two-bit operations reached 99.4%.

The group of Stanislav Straupe from Moscow State University confirmed the 35-qubit dimension of the processor on photon chips (this dimension is necessary for modeling boson sampling). The system is capable of running algorithms with a dimension of at least 4 qubits for potential use in logistics optimization.

In addition, groups led by Igor Bilenko and Dmitry Chermoshentsev for the first time in Russia have created a compact integral source of "compressed" light. This technology allows you to exceed the fundamental limits of the accuracy of classical measurements and is critical for the creation of ultra-sensitive sensors and quantum computers of a new type.

The country received a 72-qubit quantum computer on an atomic platform

Scientists of the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, participating in the Quantum Project, increased the dimension of the prototype of a quantum computer on single neutral rubidium atoms to 72 qubits. Rosatom announced this on December 23, 2025.

The quantum register with this indicator was implemented by the scientific group of the Center for Quantum Technologies of the Physical Faculty of Moscow University during a control experiment conducted as part of the Russian roadmap for quantum computing, which is led by Rosatom State Corporation. The accuracy of the two-cubit operation was demonstrated at 94%.

In 2025, MSU scientists improved the architecture of the quantum computing system on which the experiment was conducted, which opened up new opportunities for further scaling, and in the future - for the implementation of error correction.

The calculator of Moscow University entered the top three Russian quantum computers that reached the milestone of 70 qubits. Earlier, as part of control experiments, the Quantum Project scientific groups demonstrated a 70-qubit processor based on ytterbium ions and a 72-qubit calculator based on calcium ions.

Achieving 72-qubits on an atomic platform is a result that confirms the systemic development of the domestic Quantum Project - our stable positions in quantum research and the creation of prototypes of quantum computers. It is especially important that scientists have taken another step towards a progressive increase in the reliability of operations, which will scale the performance of quantum computers and their ability to solve complex problems in the future during the use of this continuous technology in various industries. Ultimately, we aim to ensure that the effects of "quantum practice" become a new resource for the competitiveness of our enterprises and the economy as a whole, and the development of quantum science ensures the inviolable sovereignty of our country in the field of technologies of the future, said Ekaterina Solntseva, Director of Quantum Technologies at Rosatom State Corporation.

During the experiment, our scientific group applied a new quantum computer architecture, a feature of which is the division of the computer register into a memory zone for long-term storage of information, an interaction zone in which operations take place, and a reading zone where the measurement is carried out. The current control experiment involved the first two zones, the third we will develop at the next stage. If the calculator scale of several hundred "good" qubits with high reliability of operations is achieved by 2030, this will make it possible to implement logical operations with error correction and launch unique algorithms. This will be the boundary of tasks that are already impossible for a classic computer. told Stanislav Straupe, head of the quantum computing sector of the Center for Quantum Technologies of the Physics Department of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov.

Moscow University is one of the key participants in the implementation of the roadmap for quantum computing of ROSATOM. Control experiments within the framework of the roadmap demonstrate the effectiveness of scientific work that is carried out within the walls of our laboratories. The scientific group developing the prototype of a quantum computer on neutral atoms includes young scientists, graduate students and, most importantly, students. It is nice to note that from the very beginning of their research path they became participants in such a large-scale scientific project, told Vladimir Belokurov, Dean of the Physics Department of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov, Professor.

The most powerful Russian quantum computer reached 70 qubits

As part of the implementation of the Russian roadmap for quantum computing, which is led by Rosatom State Corporation, a prototype of a 70-qubit quantum computer based on ytterbium ions was presented during a control experiment. Rosatom announced this on December 18, 2025. The researchers implemented a quantum register consisting of 70 qubits. It also demonstrated high accuracy of operations: one-bit at 99.98%, and two-bit - 96.1%.

This achievement continues the cycle of discoveries of Russian science in the framework of fundamental research in the field of quantum computing. It also lays the foundation for expanding the range of problems solved by quantum computers, and opens up new prospects for their application in various industries.

This experiment creates the basis for subsequent stages of work in terms of improving the reliability of operations, with which the real performance of quantum computers is associated. It is planned that on the horizon of 2030, mid-scale quantum computers will be created in Russia, using effective error correction mechanisms and focused on launching complex quantum algorithms to solve applied industrial problems.

Also the day before, as part of the control experiments on the roadmap, the Quantum Project scientific group led by Kirill Lakhmansky demonstrated a quantum register of 70 qubits on a prototype of a quantum computer on calcium ions. One-cube, two-cube operations were performed.

The roadmap for quantum computing is being implemented in accordance with the targets. Rosatom as responsible for achieving the established results ensures the interaction of all participants in the Quantum Project and the clear fulfillment of our obligations to the state. With the 70 qubits mark and the demonstration of a fairly high accuracy of operations, we are entering a new level of development of quantum computing, expanding the space for practical application of the technology. A large-scale program of pilot projects for the implementation of quantum computing has been launched in the nuclear industry. Our "pioneer club" is joined by large companies to jointly find tasks and implement the practical application of quantum technologies, said Ekaterina Solntseva, Director of Quantum Technologies at Rosatom State Corporation.

Application of a real quantum computer to solve an industry problem

For the first time, Rosatom State Corporation used a real quantum computer to solve the industrial problem of the nuclear industry. Specialists of the innovative project "Breakthrough" together with scientists of the quantum project of the corporation solved the model problem of heat transfer on a 50-qubit ion quantum computer. The device was developed as part of a roadmap for quantum computing and is located at the P.N. Lebedev Institute of Physics. This was announced by the state corporation Rosatom at the end of September 2025.

Scientists, together with specialists from the Breakthrough project, have solved a system of linear algebraic equations to calculate the heat transfer problem. The quantum computer was accessed through a cloud-based quantum computing platform. The platform is also being developed as part of the quantum project of the state corporation. The technology allows remote use of computing power without physical presence at the site.

Rosatom for the first time used a real quantum computer to solve an industry problem

Ekaterina Solntseva, director of quantum technologies at Rosatom State Corporation, noted that the practice of using quantum technologies in the world is only gaining momentum. According to her, the corporation is closely following new cases from different spheres of the economy, where quantum computing is already beneficial. The most in demand are problems in the segment of mathematical modeling. As part of the program for the introduction of quantum computing in the nuclear industry, quantum computers have been tested to strengthen computer-aided design systems. The first use of a real quantum computer for industrial tasks showed a good result. So far, we are talking about the problem of small dimension, but its successful solution inspires optimism in the prospects for the application of quantum computing in industry.

Andrei Fedorovsky, director of digitalization of the Breakthrough project area, explained the motivation for participating in the quantum computing program. According to him, the project seeks to synergize the technologies of the future - atomic and quantum. The team moves cautiously, realizing that the quantum sphere is still a search domain. However, the fact is a successful solution to the thermophysical problem on a quantum computer. This opens up wide prospects for the adaptation of many existing calculation codes in the industry for use on quantum computers.^[1]

Successful tests of the first 50-qubit quantum computer

The first Russian quantum computer with 50 qubits successfully completed a test cycle, paving the way for the creation of serial samples of quantum computers and their commercial application. The device was developed at the Lebedev Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences on cold ion technology as part of the Quantum Computing roadmap, implemented under the auspices of the state corporation Rosatom. The completion of the tests was reported by the FIAN on July 1, 2025.

During a series of research experiments, the institute's scientists assessed the key characteristics of the first domestic 50-qubit computer. Experts tested the reliability of single-cube and two-cube operations, as well as the coherence time - the coordinated operation of qubits until their quantum state is destroyed.

The first 50-qubit quantum computer has been successfully tested in Russia

Ilya Zalivako, a researcher at the FIAN, noted that at the level of up to fifty qubits, ion computers are the most advanced among quantum devices. One of the most difficult tasks in the creation was the development of confusing operations that require controlled interaction of qubits with each other.

Zalivako emphasized the challenge of increasing the number of qubits without losing the quality and speed of operations. The researchers focused on studying key computer parameters, including the accuracy of quantum operations and the stability of quantum states.

The tests used tasks that in the future will allow practical quantum calculations. Scientists implemented Grover algorithms to search a disordered database, calculated the structure of several molecules and simulated various dynamic systems.

Director of the FIAN, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Nikolai Kolachevsky said that the developed quantum computer is a full-fledged platform for conducting research and solving applied problems, and not just an experimental prototype.^[2]

2024

Rosatom: Russia has become a leader in quantum computing

In a fairly short time, Russia entered a limited circle of leading countries in quantum computing. Rosatom noted this in its message on February 3, 2025.

{{quote 'When we started, in the leading countries, work on quantum computing programs has been going on for 7-10 years. We started later than others, but now we are among the leaders: Russia has managed to create working quantum computers on all four priority platforms - ions, atoms, photons, superconductors. Only three countries have such achievements - the United States, China and Russia. In addition, we are one of six countries that have quantum computers of 50 qubits or higher, "said Ekaterina Solntseva, director of digitalization at Rosatom State Corporation. }}

The priority of the next stage is to prepare the practical application of quantum computing in the real problems of industry and the social sphere. As of January 2025, quantum computing is at an early stage of technological development, which significantly complicates the solution of applied issues. However, the leaders of the future quantum industry will be those states that lay the foundations for the use of "quanta" already at the stage of forming quantum computing as a technology.

Ekaterina Solntseva noted the special role of Russian state corporations in the preparation of the industrial application of quantum technologies: Rosatom, Russian Railways and other large companies have an industrial base, therefore, along with research and engineering, they are able to ensure the connection of the quantum sphere with production.

If we look at who is developing quantum technologies in the world, we will see that in the United States these are large "super tech" companies and startups, in China and Europe - universities and scientific institutes. In Russia, the quantum sphere is being developed by industrial corporations that have the opportunity to use quantum technologies in solving their own practical problems. This means that our country has the opportunity to be one of the first to determine approaches to the use of quantum computing in the real economy, - said Ekaterina Solntseva.

The nuclear industry has already launched the first program to introduce quantum computing, including quantum algorithms. For January 2025, the range of specific industrial requests is determined, which will be prioritized using quantum processors; it is planned to test them on model tasks. To begin with, up to 10 relevant projects will be formed to implement quantum computing products and services. From 2026, it is planned to gradually move from solving model problems to practical ones. After 2030, it is expected that the effects of the use of quantum computing in solving production problems in the nuclear industry will be presented.

Rosatom allocated 12 billion rubles for the development of quantum computing

In 2020-2024, the total amount of funding for the Russian program "Quantum Computing," within the framework of which a 50-qubit ion quantum computer was created, amounted to 24 billion rubles. Of these, 12 billion were provided by Rosatom. Such data were released by the state corporation at the end of September 2024.

According to Ekaterina Solntseva, director of digitalization at Rosatom, the state corporation coordinates and financially supports the Russian quantum project. Further work will continue within the framework of the federal project "Development of promising technologies" of the national program "Data Economics." At the same time, attention will be paid to both the development of the characteristics of quantum computers and the creation of conditions for their practical application in the economy and social sphere.

Rosatom invests billions of rubles on the development of quantum computing

Among the priority areas of application of quantum computing are pharmaceuticals and medicine in general. Quantum computers are expected to repeatedly speed up the modeling processes of complex molecules, which will contribute to the emergence of new drugs. In addition, personalized medical technologies will be developed, allowing the doctor to develop personal recommendations for the treatment of a person as soon as possible, taking into account the specific factors of his disease and the characteristics of the body. Quantum computing will also be applied to predict new epidemics.

In the IT field, the introduction of quantum computing will make it possible to take to a new level the solution of complex problems in areas such as shipbuilding and the aircraft industry. Quantum technologies, as noted, will find application in the transport and logistics sector - for example, to redirect traffic in real time, taking into account a huge number of parameters. Quantum technologies stimulate the further development of artificial intelligence in terms of speeding up machine learning, image recognition and analysis, speech and text, big data processing, etc.^[3]

With the creation of a 50-qubit ion quantum computer, Russia has become one of the world leaders in the field of quantum technologies

Russia became one of the world leaders in the field of quantum technologies with the creation of a 50-qubit ion quantum computer. This became known in September 2024. The unique development was the result of the work of Russian scientists within the framework of the roadmap for quantum computing, coordinated by the state corporation Rosatom. The new quantum computer was created by the scientific group of the Russian Quantum Center and the Lebedev Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which allowed Russia to reach the forefront in this high-tech field.

Russia has become one of three countries with quantum computers on all four priority platforms - superconductors, ions, neutral atoms and photons, - said Likhachev.

Quantum computer in the laboratory "Superconducting metamaterials"

The ion quantum computer has become the most powerful in Russia. FIAN Director Nikolai Kolachevsky demonstrated the ion trap, which is a key element of the quantum processor, to Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin. The quantum computer is based on kudit technology, which is used in Russia, Austria and the United States. This new approach made it possible to significantly increase the power of the computer, which is now available through the cloud platform to execute basic quantum algorithms.

The first 16-qubit quantum computer in Russia was unveiled in July 2023. By February 2024, Russian scientists had already created a 20-qubit computer, and in less than a year this figure was increased to 50 qubits, which significantly exceeded the original plans of the roadmap. According to forecasts, this milestone was planned to be reached by the end of 2024, but the project was implemented ahead of schedule.^[4]

Rosatom called the timing of the launch of serial production of quantum computers

Rosatom State Corporation announced plans to launch serial production of quantum computers in Russia, scheduled for 2030. This became known in August 2024.

Ekaterina Solntseva, director of digitalization at Rosatom, noted that the corporation intends to become a leader in creating a competitive quantum industry at the national level. According to Solntseva, Rosatom's strategic goal is to develop and implement sovereign quantum computing technologies that will be applied not only in the nuclear industry, but also in other key sectors of the economy. It is planned that by the scheduled date the company will complete the development of technology that will allow the serial production of quantum computers on an industrial scale.

Rosatom announced the timing of the launch of serial production of quantum computers

In addition, Rosatom has already launched a program for the introduction of quantum computing. Between 2024 and 2025, quantum algorithms will be tested on model tasks related to various aspects of the nuclear industry. By the end of 2025, 5-10 pilot projects are expected to be created, demonstrating the potential of using quantum computing to solve applied problems.

From 2026, the corporation plans to begin a gradual transition from testing on model tasks to solving specific practical problems. According to forecasts, after 2030 Rosatom will be able to demonstrate the first tangible results of the use of quantum technologies in its production activities.

Solntseva also stressed that active work is underway to determine priority industrial tasks, to solve which quantum processors will be involved. These tasks will be included in a special stack of projects, the implementation of which is planned until 2030. We are talking about tasks that will help the corporation understand in what areas and with what effects quantum computing can have the greatest impact.^[5]

Opening of the All-Russian School for Physics Teachers on Quantum Computing

The first All-Russian summer school for physics teachers in quantum computing opened on August 5, 2024. The event was organized by the state corporation Rosatom together with the National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, the Russian Quantum Center (RCC) and the Atom Foundation.

According to Rosatom, teachers from six regions of Russia take part in the school: Tatarstan, as well as Sverdlovsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Chelyabinsk, Tomsk and Vladimir regions. Classes are held at the sites of the Atom Museum at VDNKh, as well as at the NRNU MEPhI and the RCC.

Rosatom opened the first All-Russian school for physics teachers in quantum computing

The project is being implemented within the framework of the roadmap for the development of the high-tech field "Quantum Computing," coordinated by Rosatom. The main goals of the program include improving the qualifications of physics teachers, introducing innovative approaches to teaching quantum physics and developing competencies in the field of future professions.

The summer school program provides classes with Russian researchers working in the field of quantum computing. The topic includes the study of quantum computers, quantum Internet, quantum encryption and the practical application of quantum computers. Participants will also get acquainted with modern discoveries in the field of physics.

Roman Ilyin, Director of the Education Department of Rosatom-Quantum Technologies, emphasized the importance of advanced training programs for physics teachers to form an educational ecosystem in the field of quantum computing.

Already today we understand that Rosatom needs qualified personnel who are competent in modern quantum programming languages, know how to set tasks for quantum emulators, know the key principles of quantum physics and technologies, - said Ilyin.

As part of the school, teachers will visit the scientific laboratories of the Russian Quantum Center and the exposition of the Atom Museum. This will allow them to familiarize themselves with advanced developments in the field of quantum technologies and get an idea of ​ ​ the needs of the industry.^[6]

By 2030, a quantum industry will be formed in Russia

The state corporation Rosatom"" and scientific teams created within the framework of the governmental roadmap for the development of the high-tech field "Quantum Computing" will continue to work within the framework of the federal project "" Quantum technologies as a component. national project "Data Economics" This federal project will replace the quantum roadmap, calculated until the end of 2024, coordinated by Rosatom TAdviser. This was announced on March 27, 2024 by representatives of the state corporation.

According to Ekaterina Solntseva, Director for Digitalization of Rosatom State Corporation, the strategic goal of the program document will be to create a quantum industry by 2030, the active actors of which will be not only scientists and specialists, but also entrepreneurs and a wide range of future consumers of quantum technologies.

According to her, at the time of the approval of the roadmap in 2020, work on its implementation began amid a significant lag in Russia in the quantum sphere. But the efforts of academic structures, universities and development institutions with the support of Rosatom made it possible to break out of the "lag trap."

If at the start of work in Russia there was a prototype of only a 2-qubit quantum processor, then at the beginning of 2024 it was announced the creation of a 25-qubit-convex computer on neutral atoms and a 20-qubit one on ions in traps, and soon it is planned to present a 50-qubit domestic quantum computer. It should also be noted that, along with the number of qubits, the power of a quantum computer is determined by their quality - the level of inaccuracy during operations. In computers developed by Rosatom, such an error is low, which allows you to successfully test practically significant algorithms on them, explained Ekaterina Solntseva.

The Director for Digitalization also noted that these achievements were made possible thanks to coordinated joint work within the framework of the roadmap of strong scientific groups both from among the scientists of the Russian Federation and compatriots - authoritative scientists who returned from abroad and opened their own laboratories in Russia. In particular, quantum infrastructure is being developed by joint efforts, research activities, educational projects are being implemented, and the quantum ecosystem as a whole is expanding.

"Right now, we are at the intersection of two periods of development of quantum technologies in Russia - at the stage of transition from a quantum roadmap to a new federal project. In addition to quantum computing, it will include work on quantum sensors, a large section will be devoted to "quantum-inspired technologies," which are not quantum in essence, but develop, being inspired by quantum developments. And, of course, there remains a big task on the agenda related to the development of the ecosystem. Indeed, by 2030, a full-fledged quantum industry should be formed in the country, "said Ekaterina Solntseva, director of digitalization at Rosatom State Corporation.

Rosatom creates a 50-qubit quantum computer

At the end of February 2024, Rosatom CEO Alexei Likhachev spoke about the development of a 50-qubit quantum computer by the state corporation, which is more than twice the performance of the system that the company created by the time its main statement was made.

The task is to reach 50 qubits this year, Likhachev said during a speech in the State Duma on February 28, 2024.

Rosatom is developing a 50-qubit quantum computer

Earlier in February 2024, Ruslan Yunusov, adviser to the general director of Rosatom State Corporation, in a conversation with TASS, spoke about the creation of a 20-qubit quantum computer. It is built on an ion platform. Then Yunusov said that by the end of 2024, the state corporation expects to create a quantum computer with 50 qubits.

The accuracy of our computer is 95% - on a two-cube system. At the same time, progress in accuracy is very fast. A year and a half ago, we started with 60% - this is slightly higher than chance - now 95%. And then, I think, we will quickly reach 98-99%. Then engineering work will begin on even larger arrays, "Yunusov said at the end of February 2024.

At the same time, Yunusov stressed that the state corporation by February 2024 does not have enough iron power to show the usefulness of quantum algorithms.

We don't know why we need a quantum computer... Of course, we know the first applications of a quantum computer, we have the first algorithms. We don't have enough iron power to show the usefulness of algorithms, but they already exist. And they will help solve problems in logistics, in modeling molecules, for example, and so on, "he explained.

According to Rosatom's forecasts, the widespread practical use of quantum computing may begin as early as 2025, and on the horizon of 2030, extra-quantum technological leadership will become impossible.^[7]

Participation in the implementation of the "quantum" roadmap of more than 1000 specialists and scientists

One of the priorities of the government roadmap on quantum computing, which is coordinated by the state corporation Rosatom, is the development of a dialogue between all participants in the "quantum" ecosystem. This allowed not only to unite more than 1000 specialists, including 500 scientists from 15 Russian universities, in joint research work, but also to establish their interaction with business as a future consumer of new technologies. Such information was shared with TAdviser on February 15, 2024 by representatives of Rosatom.

According to the director of digitalization of the state corporation Ekaterina Solntseva, in order to develop science, it is necessary to stimulate a dialogue between scientists and business so that the market can effectively use the achievements of researchers and set scientists the task of jointly developing technologies of the future. This will expand the areas of scientific work and strengthen the research resource base.

"Most of the" quantum "roadmap is devoted to the development of dialogue between scientists engaged in fundamental research and business. This is important, since it is the business that will become a consumer of high technologies in the horizon of 10 or more years, - explained Ekaterina Solntseva. - We are developing the quantum industry, realizing that for this entrepreneurs must not only choose the scientific results that have been achieved by scientists within the framework of current research programs, but also set their tasks in new areas of priority for the market. When such a dialogue arises, the work of scientists goes differently - both from a substantive point of view and from the point of view of providing resources. "

The director of digitalization of the state corporation also added that Rosatom is an example of close mutual linking of research activities with business development tasks. As part of the roadmap for quantum computing, this allows attracting extra-budgetary funds from the state corporation to finance relevant measures. The total amount of funding provided for the implementation of the "quantum" roadmap in 2020-2024 is 24,143,94 million rubles. Of this amount, 11,246,17 million rubles are extra-budgetary funds of the state corporation Rosatom.

2022

Rosatom creates a university for the development of quantum computing

In November 2022, it became known that Rosatom is organizing a corporate university for the development of quantum computing. Other universities will also be able to connect to the project, where additional education programs will be implemented. Read more here.

Quantum Internet Plan

On January 26, 2022, representatives of the State Corporation Rosatom"" reported that by the end of 2022 they will present To the government a draft second roadmap for development. quantum computing The main task in the period from 2025 to 2030 will be to unite the former quantum processors into a common network and create a quantum one on its basis. Internet

The state invests significant resources in the creation of a domestic quantum computer because it understands that quantum devices will provide technological leadership in many key areas. As of January 2022, prototypes of quantum processors are being created in parallel on a number of platforms at the same time - superconductors, ions, atoms and photons - however, perhaps in the future we will focus on one or more platforms that demonstrate the best results, "said Maxim Parshin, Deputy Minister of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation.

Quantum computing is a technology implemented in the form of complex systems that interact with each other. We understand that one of the most important tasks of the decade is to learn how to combine quantum computing devices built on various platforms into a single complex system. In the long term, quantum Internet will allow tens and hundreds of millions of times to accelerate the performance of today's devices, "commented Ruslan Yunusov, head of the project office for quantum technologies at Rosatom State Corporation.

2021

Creation of a universal quantum computer on ions in Russia

At the end of December 2021, scientists from the Russian Quantum Center and the P.N. Lebedev Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences announced the creation of a universal quantum computer based on ions. The development used the technology of scaling quantum processors using multi-level storage media - kudits.

In classical computing devices, all information is decomposed into bits - 0 or 1, and in quantum ones, the smallest unit of information is a quantum bit (qubit), capable of simultaneously being in both states at once - both 0 and 1. The number of states in which a quantum processor is located grows rapidly with an increase in the number of qubits - due to the ability to connect them with each other. This feature allows quantum devices to solve various computing problems orders of magnitude faster than classical computers and supercomputers.

However, there are also extended versions of qubits - kudits, capable of simultaneously being in three states (cutrites) or in four states (cookwarts). Russian physicists built a system of 2 cooks, which is completely equivalent to 4 qubits.

During the experiment, scientists managed to capture 2 ions in a vacuum chamber, after which, using a laser, they performed a set of single-bit operations on them, a two-cube operation inside the kudit, and an operation to confuse 2 particles (Mölmer-Sorenson). With these studies, scientists were able to show that the quality of operations between qubits bound into cookwart exceeds the quality of operations on independent particles. This provides a higher quality implementation of quantum algorithms in the future.

Today, the ion platform demonstrates some of the most interesting results, which is especially noteworthy, since 5 years ago ions were not considered a priority area of ​ ​ development, "said Ruslan Yunusov, head of the project office for quantum technologies of Rosatom State Corporation. Within [8]

Rosatom ordered research on quantum computing for 7.73 billion rubles

In early October 2021, it became known about the tender announced by Rosatom for large-scale scientific research in the field of quantum computing. For the implementation of this project, the state corporation is ready to pay 7.73 billion rubles. Read more here.

Rosatom and Sberbank jointly engaged in quantum technologies

Rosatom and Sberbank jointly engaged in quantum technologies, which they announced on March 30, 2021. The partners see great potential in several areas, including the use of quantum computing systems to solve practical problems related to finance and banking.

Within the framework of cooperation, Sberbank and Quant JV LLC, which is part of Rosatom, plan to pay special attention to the possibility of using quantum technologies, including quantum computing, to solve practical problems within the country. Earlier, Sberbank, together with the Russian Quantum Center, launched a line of communication with quantum protection between two Moscow offices.

The introduction of quantum technologies can qualitatively change the Russian financial sector and make it more competitive in the world market, "says Ruslan Yunusov, head of Rosatom's project office for quantum technologies. - Coordination of actions and joint work with the leading financial institutions of Russia, Central and Eastern Europe will make it possible to achieve a synergistic effect in the financial technology industry and significantly strengthen national positions.

Sberbank Chief Technology Officer David Rafalovsky, in turn, noted that such cooperation, which allows you to jointly analyze the accumulated experience and continuously incoming new information, is necessary to begin the practical development of solutions based on quantum technologies, when the necessary level of technological maturity is reached. They are capable of changing business models in many industries: from artificial intelligence to pharmaceuticals and transport, he added.

For Sberbank, the key is the unconditional security of data exchange and the speed of computing power that quantum technologies can provide, Rafalovsky said.

Plans to allocate 6.1 billion rubles for the development of quantum computing

On February 17, 2021, Rosatom informed TAdviser that, as part of the events dedicated to the official start of the Year of Science and Technology in the Russian Federation, it presented priority areas of work aimed at creating a domestic quantum computer.

It is planned to allocate 6.1 billion rubles for the implementation of the roadmap for the development of the high-tech field "Quantum Computing" during 2021. Financial resources will allow starting the construction of a nanofabrication center on the territory of the Skolkovo Innovation Center, as well as updating the existing laboratory complexes of participating organizations of the National Quantum Laboratory - a federal consortium created under the auspices of Rosatom, uniting scientific centers, technology companies, universities and startups.

As part of the implementation of a large-scale project for the development of quantum computing, we solve two key problems. It is necessary not only to create quantum processors and a single cloud platform for solving practical problems, but also to form the necessary infrastructure that accumulates advanced competencies, as well as organizational and financial resources. One of the tools for ensuring a "quantum breakthrough" is the National Quantum Laboratory - an integrated platform for interaction between representatives of science, innovation and business. In the near future, quantum technologies can change the global landscape. Our goal is to reduce the existing lag of our country in this area and ensure the entry of Russia into the number of participants in the quantum race, emphasized Ekaterina Solntseva, Director for Digitalization of Rosatom State Corporation.

For the entire global quantum community, 2021 has begun more actively than ever: France has repeatedly increased investments in quantum technologies, Germany has decided to build the Munich Quantum Valley, the Netherlands has launched a consortium for quantum startups to consolidate the efforts of market players - interest in quantum technologies is growing, and the demand for pilot projects is entering an active phase. The participation of the state contributes not only to obtaining the results themselves in the short term, but also to an increase in the number of talented young researchers in the future, Ruslan Yunusov, Head of the Project Office of ROSATOM State Corporation for Quantum Technologies.

"The total budget of the roadmap for quantum computing is 23.6 billion rubles. No changes occurred in 2020, our budget was not sequestered, so the entire announced action plan is being implemented in full, "said TAdviserRuslan Yunusov, head of the project office for quantum technologies of Rosatom State Corporation.

2020

Rosatom revealed the details of its quantum computer

On November 25, 2020, Rosatom revealed the details of its quantum computer. By 2024, the state corporation plans to create a prototype of such a system, and 2030 - to increase the power of the installation to effectively solve the problems of the economy in the field of big data technologies, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, etc.

It is planned to create a domestic 100-qubit quantum computer, which should work faster than a classic supercomputer, will be carried out within the ecosystem, which will include:

• scientific laboratories of leading technical universities in Russia;
• industrial projects;
• created; startups
• nanofabrication center, etc.

According to Ruslan Yunusov, head of the project office for quantum technologies at Rosatom State Corporation, the quantum computer is capable of solving the problems of organizing absolutely secure communications, efficient operation of ultra-accurate navigation systems and sensitive sensors in medicine, training neural networks, creating new materials and drugs, etc.

We do not set the task of overtaking the whole world in five years, "says Yunusov. - Now our lag is about 7-10 years. We want to reduce it to two or three years, and in some narrow areas to reach the forefront. Probably, these will be those areas where you do not have to overcome the technological barrier - for example, software solutions and algorithms. The key point of our program is the involvement of the world Russian-speaking diaspora. There are many high-class physicists in it, whose expertise we can use, and through them develop wider international cooperation.

According to the general director of Rosatom Alexei Likhachev, its own quantum computers should become the key to Russia's technological competitiveness, including in the nuclear industry.^[9]

Creation of the National Quantum Laboratory in Russia

On November 25, 2020, Rosatom announced the launch of a new federal project - the National Quantum Laboratory, which the state corporation created together with seven leading scientific centers of the Russian Federation: Kvant Joint Venture, HSE, MISIS NUST, MIPT, Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Quantum Center and Skolkovo Foundation. Read more here.

The Government of the Russian Federation decided to reduce the cost of quantum sensors by 6 times

In early September 2020, it became known about the risk of freezing the development of quantum processors due to budget cuts for this technology. This was warned in a letter to the Deputy Minister of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media Maxim Parshin by the Director-at-Large of Rostec Vasily Brovko.

The state corporation planned to create a market for quantum sensors in Russia and estimated this task at 41 billion rubles. The government wanted to sequester the budget for the development of this technology to 7 billion rubles. Due to a decrease in state support, money will be enough only for research work, but it will not be possible to put the production of quantum sensors on stream and create their industrial samples, Brovko said. Vedomosti got acquainted with a copy of the letter, its authenticity was confirmed by a person close to Rostec and a federal official.

Quantum sensors based on atoms (ions, nuclei) and condensed media allow you to measure with high accuracy time intervals, mechanical motion parameters (movement, speed, acceleration), electrical, magnetic and gravitational fields. They are going to be used in satellite and ground communication systems. Sensors will allow you to determine the positions of satellites, ballistic missiles, aircraft, submarines, speed and direction of movement of unmanned vehicles. Among potential consumers of products based on quantum sensors, the roadmap lists the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Defense, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Railways, Rostelecom, Airbus, Yandex and other companies.

According to Vedomosti, the roadmap for quantum sensors was included in the Digital Technologies project and it was initially assumed that 18.4 billion ^[10] be allocated from the budget.https ^[11]]

Rosatom launched the first laboratory in Russia for the development of quantum AI for the nuclear industry

On July 7, 2020, it became known about the launch of the first laboratory in Russia for the development of quantum and artistic intelligence for the nuclear industry. This is a joint project of Rosatom and the Russian Quantum Center (RCC). Read more here.

Rosatom asked not to cut government spending on a quantum computer

At the end of June 2020, Rosatom's reaction to the proposal of the Ministry of Communications of the Russian Federation to reduce state funding for the development of quantum computing by 50% became known. This initiative of the department, according to the state corporation, may have a negative impact on plans to create a quantum computer, given that the purchase of relevant equipment for 4.7 billion rubles is scheduled for 2020.

Rosatom sent a corresponding letter to the profile working group of the ANO Digital Economy. It follows from it that the funds of the federal project "Digital Technologies" in the amount of 8.1 billion rubles will be redistributed and cut. In the direction of "Quantum Computing" it was planned to allocate 5.72 billion rubles, including 2 billion rubles of state corporation funds.

The need to build a full stack of quantum computer technologies does not allow excluding certain technological directions, Rosatom insists, so the corporation asks to provide funding in full.

According to Sergei Vikharev, director of the consulting group on promising technologies at KPMG in Russia and the CIS, without the necessary laboratory equipment, it is at an early stage of research that teams of scientists and engineers collected bit by bit can simply go to other projects, including abroad.

It is the equipping with the necessary elements from lasers to frequency generators that makes it possible to consider the project to create a quantum computer started, "he explained, adding that at subsequent stages it becomes possible to restructure work with less damage.

Nikolai Komlev, Executive Director of the Association of Computer and Information Technology Enterprises, believes that with commercial plans for a quantum computer, Rosatom could attract private funds and not depend on the state.

As an informed source told Kommersant, Rosatom's position, as well as proposals from other members of the working group, were sent to the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications.

Within the framework of the project, VNIIA named after N. L. Dukhov is engaged in the development of quantum computers, and the elements of the quantum computer - qubits - are also being worked at Moscow State University, MIPT, NUST MISIS and a number of other academic institutions.^[12] 

Russia will spend 23.6 billion rubles on the creation of quantum processors of four different types

On June 16, 2020, it became known that CNews had at its disposal a draft roadmap for the development of quantum computing technologies. The document was prepared by the state corporation Rosatom under the relevant contract with the Government.

In 2019, as part of the implementation of the activities of the federal project "Digital Technologies" of the national program "Digital Economy," the National Technical University of MISIS prepared a roadmap for the development of quantum technologies in Russia. Three sub-technologies were identified in it - quantum computing, quantum communications and quantum sensorics. For each of them, state corporations have prepared separate road maps.

According to the draft roadmap for quantum computing, the total financing of relevant measures in 2020-2024. should amount to 23.66 billion rubles. Of this amount, the federal budget will allocate 13.25 billion rubles, extrabudgetary sources - 10.4 billion rubles. Rosatom itself, within the framework of extrabudgetary funding, will allocate 1.5 billion rubles for the development of quantum computing.

The most expensive part of the roadmap is the development of several types of quantum processors. 18.6 billion rubles will be allocated for these funds. This amount will be divided by the federal budget and extrabudgetary sources approximately equally: 9.12 billion rubles. and 9.49 billion rubles. (including Rosatom 1.2 billion rubles.). Quantum processors with dozens of uncorrected qubits should be ready by the end of 2024, after which the commercialization of ready-made devices based on them will begin.

superconductors 9.87 billion rubles will be spent on the development of quantum processors based on. Of this amount, the federal budget and extrabudgetary sources will allocate about 5 billion rubles. each, including Rosatom will spend 380 million rubles. The global market for quantum processors based on semiconductors from $30 million in 2020 will increase to $250 million in 2024, CNews noted.

The creation of a quantum processor based on neutral atoms will cost 2.12 billion rubles. Of this amount, the federal budget and extrabudgetary sources will allocate about 1 billion rubles. each, including Rosatom 270 million rubles. The global market for quantum processors based on neutral atoms by 2024 according to CNews will be $100 million.

2.33 billion rubles will be spent on the creation of a quantum processor based on photon chips. Of this amount, the federal budget and extrabudgetary sources will allocate about 1.1 billion rubles. each, including Rosatom 210 million rubles.

4.29 billion rubles will be spent on the creation of a quantum processor based on ions in traps. Of this amount, the federal budget and extrabudgetary sources will allocate 2 billion rubles. each, including Rosatom 340 million rubles. The global market for quantum processors of this type by 2024 will amount to $150 million.

The implementation of the service to provide access to the cloud platform for quantum computing will cost 1.72 billion rubles. Of this amount, the federal budget will allocate 810 million rubles, extrabudgetary sources - 915 million rubles. (including Rosatom - 300 million rubles). It is understood to provide cloud access to quantum processors and support for solving problems on it.

The federal budget will spend 1.75 billion rubles on organizational measures as part of the development of quantum computing. Including 710 million rubles. will be aimed at creating a competence center and a project office for quantum computing based on Rosatom. Under the leadership of the project office, it is planned to form a consortium of teams - developers of quantum computing, universities and research centers. Also, key customer organizations will create competence centers in order to implement practical tasks on specific quantum platforms and develop models for the business application of problem solutions in the field of quantum computing.

The federal budget will allocate 420 million rubles for training personnel in the field of quantum computing. Including 100 million rubles will be spent on attracting foreign specialists. The federal budget will spend 545 million rubles on the formation of an ecosystem for quantum computing. Including acceleration and assistance to development enterprises in providing support measures will require costs in the amount of 175 million rubles. The creation of the National Quantum Laboratory will require another 280 million rubles. The federal budget will spend 273 million rubles on the preparation of infrastructure for quantum computing. A platform will be created for the interaction of key participants in the development of quantum computing, including scientific and educational organizations, startups, customer organizations, development institutions. The federal budget will allocate 340 million rubles for the formation and development of demand and sales markets.

The authors of the roadmap expect that according to the results of the implementation of the measures laid down in the document, the volume of sales of Russian companies in the domestic market of solutions based on quantum computing technologies in 2024 will amount to 150 million rubles.^[13]

2019

Rosatom has developed a roadmap for the development of quantum computing in Russia

On December 16, 2019, it became known about the new roadmap developed by Rosatom as a plan for the development of quantum computing in Russia. The state corporation offers the concept of simultaneous creation of equipment and software.

According to Rosatom's plans, the development of quantum technologies in Russia will require about 23.7 billion rubles until 2024. About half of this amount will go to work on capital-intensive superconducting quantum computers, and the development of software solutions will require about 2 billion rubles, the Russian Quantum Center (RCC) told Kommersant.

Many companies are interested. We plan to work in parallel to create software for a quantum computer so that when its power reaches a sufficient size, the software is ready for it, "Ruslan Yunusov, general director of the RCC, told the publication.

According to him, within the framework of the project, it is planned to create software for business requests. By mid-December 2019, negotiations are underway with 25 companies, including Sberbank Sberbank Technology"," "" and GazprombankSibur"," Gazpromneft he said.

Ilya Massukh, a member of the expert council on Russian software, points out that the funds laid down in the entire draft roadmap are less than the costs of large foreign companies for quantum computing one by one. At the same time, he supported the concept of simultaneously developing software and hardware technologies and added that Russia is not lagging behind in the field of quantum development.

Nikolai Komlev, Executive Director of the Association of Computer and Information Technology Enterprises, says that companies are not yet ready to use quantum computing. There is no real demand yet, we need not unique experimental installations, but finished products with understandable application software and real examples of use, he is sure.^[14]

Development of a quantum computer "Rosatom" for 24 billion rubles

In early November 2019, it became known about the beginning of Rosatom's development of a quantum computer. Its creation will cost 24 billion rubles, of which 13.3 billion rubles are budget funds, Ekaterina Solntseva, director for digitalization of the state corporation, told Vedomosti .

According to her, Rosatom's money will be included in extrabudgetary funds, but it is planned to attract other companies to participate.

The first four prototypes of the computer in Rosatom are planned to be developed by 2024 - their size will be from 50 to 100 qubits. So far, Russian specialists have managed to create systems consisting of only two qubits, while American and European scientists have already developed devices built on 50-70 qubits.

The project office was headed by Ruslan Yunusov, general director of the Russian Quantum Center (RCC), who led the development of a roadmap for quantum technologies within the framework of the Digital Economy federal program.

According to Yunusov, processors for quantum computers will be produced in Russia, other components, for example, lasers or measuring equipment, can be bought abroad. In addition, a cloud platform with remote access is going to be developed for the domestic device, which will be based in Russia.

According to the general director of Rosatom Alexei Likhachev, its own quantum computers should become the key to Russia's technological competitiveness, including in the nuclear industry.

The development will help Russia become one of the countries leading the quantum race, Rosatom said in a statement. There is an agreement between the Russian government and Rosatom on the development of quantum computing in the country. 

Quantum computers are capable of solving problems that are not available even to the most powerful supercomputers, Vedomosti writes: for example, modeling the behavior of complex molecules (necessary for the development of new drugs and materials), extensive logistics tasks, working with big data, and so on.^[15]

Notes