Basic Research Program in Russia
National Science Project
Medical research in Russia
Main article: Clinical trials in Russia
Digitalization of science
Main article: Digitalization of science
Grants and Prizes to Scientists
Main article: Grants and prizes to scientists in Russia
Financing
2024: The Government of the Russian Federation allocated 450 billion rubles for the synchrotron and neutron research program
On April 8, 2024, the Government of the Russian Federation announced the extension of the federal scientific and technical program for the development of synchrotron and neutron research until 2030 and beyond. 450 billion rubles from the federal budget were allocated for its implementation.
The named initiative was approved in 2020. It involves the creation of new and modernization of existing installations of the "megasayens" class and complexes of nuclear medicine. In addition, the funds will be used to provide state support for research projects in the scientific areas of the program, as well as for the training of specialists and scientific personnel.
Within the framework of the project, synchrotron radiation sources will be created in the Novosibirsk region, in the city of Protvino (Moscow region) and on Russky Island. It is planned to modernize the Kurchatov specialized source of synchrotron radiation, improve and commission a specialized source of synchrotron radiation in Zelenograd, create a scientific and educational medical center for nuclear medicine and hadron therapy on the basis of the Kurchatov Institute, as well as commission at least 25 research stations of the International Center for Neutron Research in Gatchina (Leningrad Region).
 | It is important to do everything necessary to rather increase our own competencies in critical industries and achieve the technological sovereignty of our country, "said Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin. |  |
The program will be implemented in three stages. The final one is scheduled for 2028-2032: during this period, it is planned to expand the network of research infrastructure and neutron research, complete the creation and ensure the further development of research infrastructure that will surpass the current and projected international sources of synchrotron radiation in terms of technical characteristics. Technical and clinical trials and registration of new medical devices will also be carried out.[1]
2023: The government allocated scientists 15.5 billion rubles for new domestic devices
The government allocated 15.5 billion rubles to scientists for new domestic devices, which is 3.7 billion rubles more than a year earlier. This was announced on January 11, 2023 by Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Chernyshenko.
In total, 202 applications were submitted for grants in 2023. Each organization had to provide a number of mandatory documents, including a program for updating the instrument base, as well as a justification for the need for scientific and laboratory devices or equipment. The size of the grant in each case was determined based on a number of parameters: the volume of the instrument base, the direction of the organization's scientific activities, its effectiveness, technical equipment, funding and the number of researchers.
Leading organizations were allowed to participate in the selection that are not participants in the Priority 2030 strategic academic leadership program in 2022, aimed at supporting programs for the development of higher education educational organizations, which are also implemented jointly with scientific organizations.
The largest amount of grants amounted to 567.5 million and 454 million rubles. Their recipients were Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov and Physics Institute named after P.N. Lebedev RAS. In addition, large grants in the amount of 340.5 million and 227 million rubles will be provided to 23 organizations from 11 regions of Russia.
As noted in the Ministry of Education and Science, the department is systematically increasing the requirement for the minimum volume of purchases of domestic equipment. In 2021, this figure was about 10%, in 2022 - about 15%, in 2023 the value for the purchase of domestic equipment in the amount of at least 20% was approved for organizations.
| | We will continue to regularly check hours with the professional community to support our researchers and create the conditions to achieve breakthrough results. I emphasize that the updating of the instrument base in today's realities is focused not only on the production of competitive technologies, but also on reducing dependence on foreign components, - said the Minister of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation Valery Falkov.[2] | |
2022
Funding for science in universities has increased in Russia
In 2022, the cost of science in universities of the Russian Federation increased taking into account inflation by 1% and amounted to 155 billion rubles. Such data were published by the Institute for Statistical Research and Economics of Knowledge (ISIEZ) of the Higher School of Economics.
The main source of funding for science is the federal budget: the share of state funding increased over the year by 4.1% to 60%. In absolute terms, the share states in financing amounted to 92.8 billion rubles. In turn, the role of private business in financing scientific activities fell to 27%. The share of foreign participation in financing Russian science amounted to 0.5%. The bulk of the remaining share of funding is made up of university funds. According to experts interviewed by Businessman"," an increase in funding from the state may mean an increase in state interest in commercializing the results of scientific activities.
Universities have also increased their participation in the development of advanced production technologies (PPT) - technologies controlled by computer or microelectronics for the design, production or processing of products. The share of universities in the development of BSA increased to 25.2%.
According to Leonid Gokhberg, director of ISIEZ, the authorities are increasing funding for science, but at the same time they are demanding a more effective return on investment. The share of business is falling, according to the expert, due to a reduction in the financial capabilities of the private sector of the economy.
Sergei Borisov, chairman of the board of trustees of Opora Rossii, said that reducing business investment in science is a "bad trend" and explains this by the insufficient level of competition.
| | Most likely, the business has not yet reached the point of development, which allows you to see the achievements of science as an instrument of competition, he said[3] | |
Spending on civil science in Russia has been steadily growing in recent years
In 2022, federal budget allocations for civil science amounted to 631.7 billion rubles, which was the maximum since 2010. Spending has been steadily growing since 2017, according to data from the Institute for Statistical Research and Economics of Knowledge (ISIEZ) of the Higher School of Economics. The study was published in late July 2023.
According to the report, the cost of civil science in current prices in the Russian Federation at the end of 2022 increased 1.5 times, in constant prices - by 1.5% (compared with 2018 + 4.6%). The dynamics of budgetary funds for civil science was ahead of the growth rate of state spending in general, even against the background of the difficult economic situation in recent years, the report says.
A significant share (60.9% in 2022) of allocations for civil science from the federal budget is traditionally spent on supporting applied research aimed primarily at developing the national economy (42.8% of allocations), health care (6.9%) and education (5.7%). In current prices, the total amount of allocations for applied research has grown 2.5 times since 2010 (from 155.5 billion to 384.4 billion rubles in 2022), but in constant prices it has decreased by 5.6%.
Funding for basic science, on the contrary, increased at a faster pace: in 2010-2022. the amount of allocations for these purposes in current prices tripled (from 82.2 billion to 247.3 billion rubles), in constant - by 14.9%. As a result, the share of basic research in the total allocation for civilian science increased over this period from 34.6 to 39.1%.
According to the study, the main expenditure on civil science is the State Enterprise "Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation" (518.1 billion rubles, 82% of the total allocation in 2022). Almost half - 247.3 billion rubles - is aimed at supporting basic research.[4]
2021
Reducing science spending to 1% of GDP with 3% among leading countries
In Russia, the share of R&D spending in the early 2000s was 1.05% of GDP, in the period from 2015 to 2017 about 1.1%, in 2021 - 1%. There is not an increase, but a decrease in spending on science!
Leading countries invest over 3% of GDP.
The volume of project financing by the Russian Science Fund for the year increased by 3 billion rubles
In 2021, the Russian Scientific Fund (RNF) financed projects in the amount of 24.3 billion rubles against 21 billion rubles a year earlier. Such data were released in April 2022. Read more here.
2016: Russia is in 4th place in the world in terms of state support for science
According to a study by the Institute for Statistical Research and Economics of Knowledge (ISIEZ) of the National Research University, HSE published in the newsletter of the series "Technologies, Science Innovations" in August 2016, Russia is in 4th place in the world in terms of state funding allocated for the development of civil science, and it has significantly improved its performance on this parameter since 2000.
The main leaders in the amount of allocations for civil science, according to 2014, are the United States (66.4 billion dollars), Japan (33.3 billion) and Germany (31, 4 billion). They are 3.0, 1.5 and 1.4 times ahead of Russia, respectively.
Countries are leaders in the amount of allocations for research and development of civilian purposes from the state budget. Source: HSE ISIEZ Newsletter Science, Technology, Innovation Series
During the period under review, Russia improved its position and ranks among the countries for which data are available, the 4th largest absolute amount of these allocations ($22.4 billion in purchasing power parity). In 2005, it was in 10th place, behind the G7 countries, as well as Spain and the Republic of Korea; in 2000 - in 12th position.
History
2023
The process of awarding academic degrees in Russia has been translated into electronic form
Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin signed a decree on improving the scientific certification system. In particular, according to a document published at the end of October 2023, the process of awarding academic degrees in Russia has been translated into electronic form. Read more here.
Mendeleev Maps began to be issued to young scientists and students in Russia
At the end of June 2023, young scientists began to issue the so-called "Mendeleev maps." This loyalty program was developed to support researchers, graduate students, students of universities and schoolchildren - winners of subject Olympiads. The All-Russian project is being implemented within the framework of the Decade of Science and Technology. Read more here.
EAEU countries mutually recognized documents on academic degrees
In June 2023, the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) signed an agreement on the mutual recognition of documents on academic degrees in the EAEU member states. This was stated by Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin at a briefing following a meeting of the Eurasian Intergovernmental Council. Read more here.
National database of scientific publications launched in Russia
At the end of May 2023, Sechenov University opened free access to a new database of medical journals and articles RusMed. According to the authors of the new project, in fact, we are talking about the Russian analogue of the largest international base PubMed Central (PMC). Read more here.
2022
The Ministry of Education and Science calculated the outflow of scientists per year
At the end of 2022, approximately 9% of scientific organizations and 2% of Russian universities reported the dismissal of Russian specialists due to departure abroad. Such data at the end of January 2024 was disclosed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Education and Science ).
According to estimates by the Institute for Statistical Research and Economics of Knowledge at the Higher School of Economics, in 2022 490 Russian scientists and university workers went abroad to work, study or internship. At the same time, 85% of them conducted joint research abroad. In the total mass of 313 people traveling abroad, researchers made up 177 - representatives of the teaching staff. 128 graduate students also took advantage of academic mobility opportunities. For the purpose of internships or professional activities, approximately 0.1-0.3% of the number in each of the indicated categories traveled abroad.
In Russia, as noted, academic mobility programs stimulate the creation of vacancies for young scientists, and their work in new teams contributes to the formation of new scientific areas and interdisciplinary research. At the same time, the study showed that 83% of scientists and teachers in the Russian Federation as a whole and 63% of teachers under 39 never changed jobs in 2010-2019. Only 11% of young teachers have experience of moving to another city for a new job. The share of participants in academic mobility programs, according to the monitoring of the labor market for highly qualified scientific personnel, is even lower - about 3%.
63% of teachers and 66% of researchers are ready to move to Moscow and St. Petersburg, while raising salaries, 51% and 56%, respectively, to other large cities. 61% of young scientists are ready to participate in projects that are interesting and important for Russian and world science.[5]
Chernyshenko: Russia creates a unified information system for managing science
On November 22, 2022, Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Chernyshenko announced the creation of a unified information system in Russia. According to the Deputy Prime Minister, the first services within the framework of this project will be launched before the end of 2022. Read more here.
Appeal to initiate a criminal case for requiring publications in foreign publications to receive funding for scientific projects
In March 2022, the Public Committee on Human Rights appealed to the President of Russia and the Director of the FSB with a request to initiate a criminal case against an "indefinite circle of people" who introduced the presence of publications in journals from the Scopus and Web of science databases as a condition for allocating funding for scientific research.
Since 2012, it has really become impossible to get money for science without such publications. And the cost of placing a scientific article in the pool of such journals ranged from 200 thousand rubles and more.
But not even the very fact of payment has become critical. The Scopus and Web of science journals established an important criterion for scientific articles: their results, in order to be printed, were obliged to contain criticism of the current political system of Russia or indicate its failure. No money could cancel this rule. For ten years, our scientists were obliged to rivet work against their country so that the university could receive money from the state. At the same time, impracticable conditions for entering the specified data bases were created for Russian journals.
Without the indicated publications, career growth within the university was also impossible - it is impossible under the law of the Russian Federation to get a new qualification without publications in Anglo-Saxon bases today. Interestingly, the French, Germans, Italians, Chinese and many others categorically abandoned such a system, realizing its potential risks. Interestingly, the open appeal does not indicate the actors who decided to introduce this system.
2021
HSE: the number of Russian scientists leaving abroad has halved in 2 years
The number of Russian scientists leaving abroad has halved in 2 years, as evidenced by data from the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE), released in early February 2022.
As Kommersant writes "with reference to this study, if 2019 Russia scientists left for work or internship 540 year, then in 2021 their number decreased to 277. Most often, researchers served abroad in 2021, their share was 72%. Most of them are engaged in the field of natural (73%), technical (14%) and agricultural (6%) sciences.
Basically, they traveled for up to one year, trips longer than two years, the authors of the study call rare. The top five countries, where Russian scientists have most often been sent over the past three years, include Germany,, France, and USA China Vietnam.
Teachers who do not have a degree (41%) come to Russia most of all - for work, training or internship. 70% of them come for up to one year. Most of them have citizenship of China, Germany, Kazakhstan, Belarus and Ukraine.
As the researchers found out, among Russian graduate students temporarily traveling abroad, the share of those under the age of 30 has increased. The most mobile are graduate students studying at universities located in large cities of the Russian Federation (90%). Over the past three years, graduate students from St. Petersburg (46%), Moscow (11%) and the Tomsk region (9.5%) have most often traveled abroad.
The study is about researchers of all ranks - from graduate students to the faculty of research institutes and universities. At the same time, scientists who emigrated from Russia and no longer interact with domestic research institutes and universities are not taken into account.[6]
The number of researchers in the Russian Federation over the past 15 years has decreased by 17.5%
On May 13, 2021, President of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) Alexander Sergeyev announced that the number of researchers in the Russian Federation over the past 15 years has decreased by 17.5%, while in almost all countries there was a significant increase - by 30-130%.
According to Sergeyev, by May 2021 Russia ranks sixth in the world in terms of the number of researchers in the equivalent of full employment, Germany and South Korea are on the list, while several years ago the Russian Federation was in fourth position. According to the relative number of researchers per 10 thousand employed population, Russia has 27th place, and the country's position is deteriorating, he said during the parliamentary hearings "The scientific personnel potential of the country: state, development trends and growth tools."
The academician added that the issue of the country's scientific and personnel potential in recent years has caused public concern due to the continuing negative trends in the quantitative and qualitative composition of researchers, as evidenced by statistics.
Earlier in 2021, the chief scientific secretary of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) Nikolai Dolgushkin said that since 2012, the number of scientists and highly qualified specialists leaving Russia has increased fivefold. According to him, over the past three years alone, the number of scientists in the country has decreased by 30 thousand, and as a result, Russia cannot fulfill the indicators of the Nauka national project, which set the task to increase the number of specialists. Among the risks for Russian scientists, he named, in particular, a lack of funding.
Nikolai Dolgushkin noted that Russia remained the only country among developed countries where the number of scientists has been declining for several decades in a row. In 1990, Russia ranked first in the world in terms of the number of scientists, but since then their number has decreased from 992 thousand to 348 thousand, that is, by 65%, the academician specified.[7]
2020
The expenses of Russian scientists on publication in foreign scientific journals increased by 50%, to $10 million
The expenses of Russian scientists on publication in foreign scientific journals at the end of 2020 increased by 50% compared to 2019 and reached about $10 million. Such data on February 2, 2022 on his Facebook page was cited by the vice-president of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) Aleksei Khokhlov.
According to him, in 2020, in leading "quartile" journals from the Web of Science Core Collection database, the number of articles in which the main contribution belongs to Russian scientists amounted to about 27 thousand, which is 19% more than a year ago. Of these, only 20 thousand fell on magazines distributed by subscription, and 7 thousand (26%) - on foreign open access magazines.
It is noted that 57% of Russian open articles in 2020 are accounted for by the MDPI publishing house. This publishing house is based in Switzerland, controlled by Chinese business and has a controversial reputation, said the vice president of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
He noted that articles in open-access journals are paid for by authors from their grants or by the organizations where they work. Ultimately, this is budget money, $10 million, which Russian scientists spent on paid publications in foreign scientific publications, more than five times higher than the state budget expenditures on all journals of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which give the lion's share of the "quartile" Russian journals included in the Web of Science Core Collection, Khokhlov emphasized.
According to him, that is why the Russian Academy of Sciences has been raising the question of creating the Russian Academic Publishing House for several years, the main goal of which would be to publish the best Russian magazines in Open Access mode (including Russian and English versions). In this case, budget money will go to the development of a system of Russian magazines of high quality, and not to pay for the services of foreign publishing companies, he added.[8]
Moscow ranked 10th among world cities in terms of the number of Nobel and Fields Prize winners
The Institute for Statistical Research and Knowledge Economics (ISIEZ) of the Higher School of Economics in February 2021 issued a rating of the innovative attractiveness of world cities (HSE Global Cities Innovation Index), covering 36 global centers. One area of research is devoted to scientists and laureates of the Nobel and Fields Prizes. According to the report, at the end of 2020, Moscow ranked 10th among world cities in terms of the number of Nobel and Fields Prize winners. Read more here.
2019: The number of young scientists in Russia over 9 years decreased by 20% to 58.5 thousand people
The number of young scientists in Russia over 9 years decreased by 20% - from 71.1 thousand people in 2010 to 58.5 thousand in 2019. Such data are given in the Strategy of Youth Policy in the Russian Federation for the period until 2030, published on the website of the Ministry of Education and Science.
According to Interfax with reference to this document, its authors consider the decrease in the number of young scientists a prerequisite for reducing the scientific potential of the country and may lead to a lag in high-tech sectors of the economy.
The authors of the strategy also draw attention to the decrease in the number of young people in the structure of society, and also note that when receiving secondary general education, there is a tendency to reduce the number of school graduates choosing specialized mathematics, technical and natural science subjects to pass the unified state exam.
| | This trend in the future is a prerequisite for reducing scientific potential and may lead to a lag in high-tech sectors of the economy, a decrease in the pace of achieving "digital maturity" in various fields, the draft strategy says, excerpts from which are cited by agencies. | |
It also notes that young scientists demonstrate a high level of scientific qualifications. According to the authors of the strategy, on average, one in seven of them have a degree.
In 2023, Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation Nikolai Patrushev said that the number of researchers over the past two decades has decreased in Russia by about 25%.
| | A serious obstacle to achieving technological independence is a shortage of qualified scientific, engineering and labor personnel. The total number of personnel engaged in research and development in Russia has decreased by a quarter over the past 20 years, he said at the end of October 2023.[9] | |
2012: The state program for the development of science until 2020 was approved
Main article: State Program of the Russian Federation "Development of Science and Technology" for the period until 2020
1948: Academician Trofim Lysenko declares genetics pseudoscience
1904
1880
1878
1874
1755: "Teatrum Mahinarum" by scientist and mechanic Andrei Nartov
Andrei Konstantinovich Nartov - Russian scientist, mechanic and sculptor, state adviser, member of the Academy of Sciences (1723-1756), inventor of a turning-screw cutter with a mechanized caliper and a set of replaceable toothed wheels. Subsequently, this invention was forgotten, and the screw-cutting machine with a mechanical caliper and a guitar of interchangeable gears was reinvented around 1800 by Briton Henry Maudsley.
Born in Moscow in 1693. Its exact origin is unknown. It is assumed that he was from Posad people.
Since 1709 he worked as a turner at the Moscow School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences. In 1712, Peter I summoned him to, St. Petersburg where he identified him as a highly qualified turner, in his own palace "turner." At this time, Nartov developed and built a number of mechanized machines for copying bas-reliefs and works of applied art. Around 1718, the king sent Nartov on a trip to Prussia, Holland, France and England to improve in turning art and "acquire knowledge in mechanics and mathematics," and upon returning from abroad he instructed him to run his turner shop, which he soon expanded and replenished with new machines taken out and discharged by him from abroad. Nartov's relationship with Peter the Great was very close: the turner shop was near the royal chambers and often served as a cabinet for the tsar.
Andrei Konstantinovich Nartov died on April 16 (27), 1756 in St. Petersburg. After his death, large debts remained, as he invested a lot of personal funds in scientific and technical experiments.
In 1755, Nartov completed work on the manuscript "Theatrum Mahinarium, or the Clear Spectacle of Mahins" - a kind of encyclopedia of machine tools, medallist and lathe art of the 1st half of the 18th century. This book is of great importance for the history of science and technology; Nartov wanted to "declare it to the people," that is, print it and make it available to all turners, mechanics and designers.
"Theatrum Mahinarum" was completed by Nartov shortly before his death. After the death of the author, his son collected all the sheets of the manuscript, bound and prepared it for presentation to Catherine II. The manuscript was transferred to the court library, where it then lay in obscurity for almost two hundred years: in 1952 it was discovered in the State Public Library named after M.I. Saltykov-Shchedrin and became the subject of scientific study.
See also
Notes
- ↑ The government expanded and extended the federal program for the development of synchrotron and neutron research
- ↑ About 200 scientific organizations will receive grants to update the instrument base in 2023
- ↑ University science masters the state budget
- ↑ The price of Russian science: federal budget expenditures
- ↑ The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation said that the outflow of scientific personnel in 2022 was not massive
- ↑ Russian field of scientific experiments
- ↑ The number of researchers in Russia decreased by 17.5% while growth in other countries to 130%
- ↑ Aleksei Khokhlov on Facebook
- ↑ The number of young scientists in the Russian Federation decreased by 20% from 2010 to 2019
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