Science in Russia

Basic Research Program in Russia

• Basic Research Program in Russia

National Science Project

• National Science Project

Medical research in Russia

Main article: Clinical trials in Russia

Digitalization of science

Main article: Digitalization of science

Grants and Prizes to Scientists

Main article: Grants and prizes to scientists in Russia

Financing

2025

Funding for basic research in Russia increased by 21% to ₽55 billion

Ministry of Science and Higher Education Russia increases funding for basic scientific research by 21% in 2025, bringing the amount of funds to ₽55 billion. The decision was made as part of the expansion state of support for scientific activities on November 7, 2024.

According to Vesti, the total budget for scientific research in 2025 will increase by ₽76,7 billion compared to 2024. Funding for applied scientific research will increase by 7%.

Funding for basic scientific research in Russia increased to ₽55 billion

The Minister of Science and Higher Education of Russia Valery Falkov emphasized the priority of supporting fundamental research in the structure of the scientific budget. According to him, a large-scale update of the instrument base of universities and scientific institutions has been made - almost 60% of the equipment has been replaced with a new one, while 40% of new devices have been produced in Russia.

The deputy Minister of Finance Russia Pavel Kadochnikov announced the preparation by the government of 110 amendments to the draft federal budget for the period 2025-2027. The changes provide for an increase in spending on the state program "Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation" by ₽60,7 billion.

According to the channel, funding for civil science will reach ₽674,5 billion in 2025, followed by an increase to ₽728,6 billion in 2026. In 2027, it is planned to allocate ₽688,4 billion for these purposes. An additional ₽21,8 billion is allocated for the implementation of the measures of the scientific and technological development program in 2025.

The expansion of financial support for scientific research is aimed at increasing the technological independence of Russia and the development of the domestic scientific base. The increase in budgetary allocations will increase work in priority areas of fundamental and applied research.^[1]

Budget growth for civil science by 15% to 674.5 billion rubles

The Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia in October 2024 announced a significant increase in funding for civil science in the country. According to the ministry, in 2025 the cost of civil research will increase by more than 15%.

According to the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, in 2025, budget expenditures for civil science compared to 2024 will amount to 674.5 billion rubles, and in 2026 - 728.6 billion rubles.

Spending on citizen science will increase in 2025. This is the most significant growth in recent years, - said Omelchuk.

The budget for civil science in Russia grew by 15% to ₽5 billion

The new budget provides for additional allocations for infrastructure projects. In particular, 2 billion ₽ will be allocated annually for the repair of the building of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In addition, more than 2 billion ₽ will be allocated to strengthen anti-terrorist measures in higher educational institutions of the country.

Minister of Science and Higher Education Valery Falkov announced a significant increase in funding for basic research. In 2025, 21% more funds will be allocated for these purposes compared to 2024. An additional five billion rubles are planned to be spent on increasing the remuneration of teachers of fundamental disciplines.

Despite the overall positive dynamics, research from the Graduate School of Economics points to some long-term trends in science funding. According to forecasts, the share of spending on civil science in the federal budget may gradually decrease: from 2.68% in 2024 to 2% in 2026.

To compensate for a possible reduction in budget funding, the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia plans to increase the share of private investment in the scientific sphere. Business contribution to science is expected to reach 43% by 2030 and 50% by 2035, which should contribute to the balanced development of the science sector and strengthen links between science and industry.^[2]

2024: The Government of the Russian Federation allocated 450 billion rubles for the synchrotron and neutron research program

On April 8, 2024, the Government of the Russian Federation announced the extension of the federal scientific and technical program for the development of synchrotron and neutron research until 2030 and beyond. 450 billion rubles from the federal budget were allocated for its implementation.

The named initiative was approved back in 2020. It involves the creation of new and modernization of existing installations of the "megasayens" class and complexes of nuclear medicine. In addition, the funds will be used to provide state support for research projects in the scientific areas of the program, as well as for the training of specialists and scientific personnel.

The government announced the extension of the federal scientific and technical program for the development of synchrotron and neutron research

Within the framework of the project, synchrotron radiation sources will be created in the Novosibirsk region, in the city of Protvino (Moscow region) and on Russky Island. It is planned to modernize the Kurchatov specialized source of synchrotron radiation, improve and commission a specialized source of synchrotron radiation in Zelenograd, create a scientific and educational medical center for nuclear medicine and hadron therapy on the basis of the Kurchatov Institute, as well as commission at least 25 research stations of the International Center for Neutron Research in Gatchina (Leningrad Region).

It is important to do everything necessary to rather increase our own competencies in critical industries and achieve the technological sovereignty of our country, "said Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin.

The program will be implemented in three stages. The final one is scheduled for 2028-2032: during this period, it is planned to expand the network of research infrastructure and neutron research, complete the creation and ensure the further development of research infrastructure that will surpass the current and projected international sources of synchrotron radiation in terms of technical characteristics. Technical and clinical trials and registration of new medical devices will also be carried out.^[3]

2023

Expenses of the federal budget of Russia for civil science for the year reached 691.8 billion rubles

Federal budget expenditures Russia on civil science in 2023 increased by 60.1 billion rubles. compared to 2022, reaching 691.8 billion rubles. This became known on July 3, 2024. The increase was 2.3% in constant prices, which indicates the positive dynamics of financing the scientific sphere against the background of economic growth.

According to the Institute for Statistical Research and Knowledge Economics of the Higher School of Economics, the share of allocations for research and development of civil purposes in federal budget expenditures increased to 2.76% in 2023 compared to 2.51% in 2022.

Most of the funding - 447.4 billion rubles. (64.7%) - was aimed at supporting applied research. The amount of funds allocated for these purposes increased by 8.8% in constant prices compared to 2022.

Of the total expenses for applied civil research, about 74% were directed to the development of the national economy, which is 47.4% of the total funding for civil science from the federal budget.

In 2023, 244.3 billion rubles were allocated for fundamental science, which is 35.3% of the total costs of civilian science. Despite the reduction of this amount by 7.7% in constant prices compared to 2022, the amount of funding for basic research exceeded the level of 2017 by 23.5%.

The bulk of the funds (99.96%) were directed to the implementation of state programs. The key program remains the "Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation," for which 542.1 billion rubles were allocated in 2023, which is 78.4% of the total costs of civil science.

Among the main managers of budget funds within the framework of the program "Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation" are the leaders of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia (261.9 billion rubles) and the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia (123.3 billion rubles).^[4]

The government allocated scientists 15.5 billion rubles for new domestic devices

The government allocated 15.5 billion rubles to scientists for new domestic devices, which is 3.7 billion rubles more than a year earlier. This was announced on January 11, 2023 by Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Chernyshenko.

In total, 202 applications were submitted for grants in 2023. Each organization had to provide a number of mandatory documents, including a program for updating the instrument base, as well as a justification for the need for scientific and laboratory devices or equipment. The size of the grant in each case was determined based on a number of parameters: the volume of the instrument base, the direction of the organization's scientific activities, its effectiveness, technical equipment, funding and the number of researchers.

Leading organizations were allowed to participate in the selection that are not participants in the Priority 2030 strategic academic leadership program in 2022, aimed at supporting programs for the development of higher education educational organizations, which are also implemented jointly with scientific organizations.

The largest amount of grants amounted to 567.5 million and 454 million rubles. Their recipients were Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov and Physics Institute named after P.N. Lebedev RAS. In addition, large grants in the amount of 340.5 million and 227 million rubles will be provided to 23 organizations from 11 regions of Russia.

As noted in the Ministry of Education and Science, the department is systematically increasing the requirement for the minimum volume of purchases of domestic equipment. In 2021, this figure was about 10%, in 2022 - about 15%, in 2023 the value for the purchase of domestic equipment in the amount of at least 20% was approved for organizations.

We will continue to regularly check hours with the professional community to support our researchers and create the conditions to achieve breakthrough results. I emphasize that the updating of the instrument base in today's realities is focused not only on the production of competitive technologies, but also on reducing dependence on foreign components, - said the Minister of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation Valery Falkov.[5]

2022

State support for science and technology in Russia for the year reached 1.2 trillion rubles. Who got this money

At the end of 2022, a total of approximately 1.2 trillion rubles were allocated in Russia for the development of science and technology. The budget is distributed through direct state support (123 and 83 measures are implemented at the expense of budgetary and quasi-budgetary funds, respectively) and indirect (24 tax measures). This is stated in the materials of the Institute of Statistical Research and Economics of Knowledge of the Higher School of Economics, published on April 18, 2024.

Almost 72% of direct budget support for science and technology falls on three roughly comparable groups of measures. These are, in particular, state assignments for the implementation of fundamental and applied research (219 billion rubles, or 21.7%), subsidies to organizations (224 billion rubles, 22.2%), state assignments for research and development work (202.4 billion rubles, or 28%). State-owned companies accounted for 155 billion rubles (15.4%) in R&D purchases, and 89.9 billion rubles (8.9%) in funds distributed through the Institute for Innovative Development.

The study says that 98 measures, for which 81.8% of all budget expenditures on science and technology are directed, are under the control of six departments. These include Ministry of Education and Science Russia (40.7%), (Ministry of Industry and Trade 16.7%), (Roskosmos 14.9%), (Rosatom 4.6%), (3.2 Ministry of Health %) and (1.7 Ministry of Digital Development %). The managers of funds for other 42 measures with a share of 18.2% in the total amount of budget expenditures are Russia Ministry of Agriculture ,,,,, Rosrybolovstvo Federal Biomedical Agency named after Rospotrebnadzor M.V. Rospatent RAS MSU Lomonosov and others.

About 70.3% of the total amount of funds allocated for the development of science and technology (in the form of subsidies and budgetary investments) falls on universities and scientific organizations. About 15.4% are sent to enterprises to support R&D, the rest are distributed between institutions of innovative development (3.5%), scientific foundations (6.8%), small and medium-sized businesses (3.1%), etc.^[6]

Funding for science in universities has increased in Russia

In 2022, the cost of science in universities of the Russian Federation increased taking into account inflation by 1% and amounted to 155 billion rubles. Such data were published by the Institute for Statistical Research and Economics of Knowledge (ISIEZ) of the Higher School of Economics.

The main source of funding for science is the federal budget: the share of state funding increased over the year by 4.1% to 60%. In absolute terms, the share states in financing amounted to 92.8 billion rubles. In turn, the role of private business in financing scientific activities fell to 27%. The share of foreign participation in financing Russian science amounted to 0.5%. The bulk of the remaining share of funding is made up of university funds. According to experts interviewed by Businessman"," an increase in funding from the state may mean an increase in state interest in commercializing the results of scientific activities.

Universities have also increased their participation in the development of advanced production technologies (PPT) - technologies controlled by computer or microelectronics for the design, production or processing of products. The share of universities in the development of BSA increased to 25.2%.

According to Leonid Gokhberg, director of ISIEZ, the authorities are increasing funding for science, but at the same time they are demanding a more effective return on investment. The share of business is falling, according to the expert, due to a reduction in the financial capabilities of the private sector of the economy.

Sergei Borisov, chairman of the board of trustees of Opora Rossii, said that reducing business investment in science is a "bad trend" and explains this by the insufficient level of competition.

Most likely, the business has not yet reached the point of development, which allows you to see the achievements of science as an instrument of competition, he said[7]

Spending on civil science in Russia has been steadily growing in recent years

In 2022, federal budget allocations for civil science amounted to 631.7 billion rubles, which was the maximum since 2010. Spending has been steadily growing since 2017, according to data from the Institute for Statistical Research and Economics of Knowledge (ISIEZ) of the Higher School of Economics. The study was published in late July 2023.

According to the report, the cost of civil science in current prices in the Russian Federation at the end of 2022 increased 1.5 times, in constant prices - by 1.5% (compared with 2018 + 4.6%). The dynamics of budgetary funds for civil science was ahead of the growth rate of state spending in general, even against the background of the difficult economic situation in recent years, the report says.

A significant share (60.9% in 2022) of allocations for civil science from the federal budget is traditionally spent on supporting applied research aimed primarily at developing the national economy (42.8% of allocations), health care (6.9%) and education (5.7%). In current prices, the total amount of allocations for applied research has grown 2.5 times since 2010 (from 155.5 billion to 384.4 billion rubles in 2022), but in constant prices it has decreased by 5.6%.

Funding for basic science, on the contrary, increased at a faster pace: in 2010-2022. the amount of allocations for these purposes in current prices tripled (from 82.2 billion to 247.3 billion rubles), in constant - by 14.9%. As a result, the share of basic research in the total allocation for civilian science increased over this period from 34.6 to 39.1%.

According to the study, the main expenditure on civil science is the State Enterprise "Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation" (518.1 billion rubles, 82% of the total allocation in 2022). Almost half - 247.3 billion rubles - is aimed at supporting basic research.^[8]

2021

Reducing science spending to 1% of GDP with 3% among leading countries

In Russia, the share of R&D spending in the early 2000s was 1.05% of GDP, in the period from 2015 to 2017 about 1.1%, in 2021 - 1%. There is not an increase, but a decrease in spending on science!

Leading countries invest over 3% of GDP.

The volume of project financing by the Russian Science Fund for the year increased by 3 billion rubles

In 2021, the Russian Scientific Fund (RNF) financed projects in the amount of 24.3 billion rubles against 21 billion rubles a year earlier. Such data were released in April 2022. Read more here.

2016: Russia is in 4th place in the world in terms of state support for science

According to a study by the Institute for Statistical Research and Economics of Knowledge (ISIEZ) of the National Research University, HSE published in the newsletter of the series "Technologies, Science Innovations" in August 2016, Russia is in 4th place in the world in terms of state funding allocated for the development of civil science, and it has significantly improved its performance on this parameter since 2000.

The main leaders in the amount of allocations for civil science, according to 2014, are the United States (66.4 billion dollars), Japan (33.3 billion) and Germany (31, 4 billion). They are 3.0, 1.5 and 1.4 times ahead of Russia, respectively.

Countries are leaders in the amount of allocations for research and development of civilian purposes from the state budget. Source: HSE ISIEZ Newsletter Science, Technology, Innovation Series

During the period under review, Russia improved its position and ranks among the countries for which data are available, the 4th largest absolute amount of these allocations ($22.4 billion in purchasing power parity). In 2005, it was in 10th place, behind the G7 countries, as well as Spain and the Republic of Korea; in 2000 - in 12th position.

History

2024

The construction of the INTC on Russky Island will cost 24 billion rubles

The President Russia Vladimir Putin instructed to build an innovative scientific and technical center (INTC) on Russky Island. Primorsky Territory According to the head, the Ministry for the Development of the Russian Far East Alexey Chekunkov project will be implemented under a Far Eastern concession, and the total cost of construction will be ₽24 billion. The minister told about this in September 2024. More. here

Putin approved the new composition of the Council on Science and Education

On August 19, 2024, the president Russia Vladimir Putin signed a decree approving the composition and presidium of the Council on Science and Education under the head. states It included members of the government, rectors of Russian universities, representatives of the executive branch and Russian business. More. here

Russian President Vladimir Putin instructed to create fedrojects to develop the most important science-intensive technologies

On July 30, 2024, the president Russia Vladimir Putin instructed Government of the Russian Federation to form separate federal projects to develop the most important science-intensive technologies. Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin has been appointed responsible for the implementation of the initiative. The deadline is set until September 1, 2024.

As reported, within the framework of national programs to ensure technological leadership, it is necessary to provide for the formation of separate federal projects to develop the most important knowledge-intensive technologies and to advance training and retraining of qualified personnel in the relevant areas. These national projects also require the inclusion of targets that characterize the production of specific products or the provision of services using critical science-intensive technologies.

Russian President Vladimir Putin

In accordance with Putin's instructions, the Cabinet of Ministers should ensure the inclusion in the national project "Youth and Children" of events aimed at improving the quality of teaching mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology in educational and professional educational organizations. It is also necessary to provide for the coordination of national projects in terms of personnel and scientific support for their implementation with the Commission for Scientific and Technological Development of the Russian Federation.

The issue of including in the project to create a network of modern campuses of educational organizations of higher education events aimed at providing scientific and scientific and pedagogical workers of these organizations with residential premises, including office premises, residential premises in hostels, hired houses, will be considered. From 2025, planning will be carried out for a period of at least six years of federal budget expenditures for the implementation of scientific research and development of civil purposes.^[9]

35 scientific laboratories have been created in Russia on world-class campuses

In Russia, 35 scientific laboratories have been created on world-class campuses. Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Chernyshenko announced this on May 22, 2024.

According to him, laboratories operate in three campuses - in Moscow, Ufa and Yekaterinburg. It is specified that we are talking about the following laboratories:

• 22 - on the basis of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University: new generation engineers are trained there for the rocket and space industry; research in the field of mechanical engineering, biomedical engineering, ground transport and technological systems;
• 12 - at the intercollegiate campus of the world-class Eurasian Scientific and Educational Center in Ufa: they cover medical genetics, molecular bioengineering, multifunctional materials, nanoelectronics, robotics and urban studies;
• one at the B.N. Yeltsin Ural Federal University: a laboratory for the development and full-scale validation of digital prototypes of high-tech products using supercomputer computing.

35 scientific laboratories have been created in Russia on world-class campuses

The network of modern campuses is created according to the national project "Science and Universities." According to the results of the first wave, 8 projects were selected: Nizhny Novgorod, Ufa, Yekaterinburg, Kaliningrad, Chelyabinsk, Moscow, Novosibirsk and Tomsk. The winners of the second wave were 9 more projects: Samara, the federal territory "Sirius," Perm, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Ivanovo, Arkhangelsk, Tyumen, Khabarovsk, Veliky Novgorod. The third selection is scheduled for August 2024. Of the 50 expected applications, 8 projects will be allocated.

According to Dmitry Chernyshenko, by May 2024, 17 such campuses are being designed and built within the framework of the Science and Universities national project. About 400 laboratories and 149 infrastructure facilities will be opened in them, more than 300 new educational programs will be launched, 60 thousand places for students to live will be equipped.^[10]

2023

The process of awarding academic degrees in Russia has been translated into electronic form

Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin signed a decree on improving the scientific certification system. In particular, according to a document published at the end of October 2023, the process of awarding academic degrees in Russia has been translated into electronic form. Read more here.

Mendeleev Maps began to be issued to young scientists and students in Russia

At the end of June 2023, young scientists began to issue the so-called "Mendeleev maps." This loyalty program was developed to support researchers, graduate students, students of universities and schoolchildren - winners of subject Olympiads. The All-Russian project is being implemented within the framework of the Decade of Science and Technology. Read more here.

EAEU countries mutually recognized documents on academic degrees

In June 2023, the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) signed an agreement on the mutual recognition of documents on academic degrees in the EAEU member states. This was stated by Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin at a briefing following a meeting of the Eurasian Intergovernmental Council. Read more here.

National database of scientific publications launched in Russia

At the end of May 2023, Sechenov University opened free access to a new database of medical journals and articles RusMed. According to the authors of the new project, in fact, we are talking about the Russian analogue of the largest international base PubMed Central (PMC). Read more here.

2022

The Ministry of Education and Science calculated the outflow of scientists per year

At the end of 2022, approximately 9% of scientific organizations and 2% of Russian universities reported the dismissal of Russian specialists due to departure abroad. Such data at the end of January 2024 was disclosed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Ministry of Education and Science ).

According to estimates by the Institute for Statistical Research and Economics of Knowledge at the Higher School of Economics, in 2022 490 Russian scientists and university workers went abroad to work, study or internship. At the same time, 85% of them conducted joint research abroad. In the total mass of 313 people traveling abroad, researchers made up 177 - representatives of the teaching staff. 128 graduate students also took advantage of academic mobility opportunities. For the purpose of internships or professional activities, approximately 0.1-0.3% of the number in each of the indicated categories traveled abroad.

About 9% of scientific organizations and 2% of universities of the Russian Federation reported the dismissal of Russian specialists due to departure abroad

In Russia, as noted, academic mobility programs stimulate the creation of vacancies for young scientists, and their work in new teams contributes to the formation of new scientific areas and interdisciplinary research. At the same time, the study showed that 83% of scientists and teachers in the Russian Federation as a whole and 63% of teachers under 39 never changed jobs in 2010-2019. Only 11% of young teachers have experience of moving to another city for a new job. The share of participants in academic mobility programs, according to the monitoring of the labor market for highly qualified scientific personnel, is even lower - about 3%.

63% of teachers and 66% of researchers are ready to move to Moscow and St. Petersburg, while raising salaries, 51% and 56%, respectively, to other large cities. 61% of young scientists are ready to participate in projects that are interesting and important for Russian and world science.^[11]

Chernyshenko: Russia creates a unified information system for managing science

On November 22, 2022, Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Chernyshenko announced the creation of a unified information system in Russia. According to the Deputy Prime Minister, the first services within the framework of this project will be launched before the end of 2022. Read more here.

Appeal to initiate a criminal case for requiring publications in foreign publications to receive funding for scientific projects

In March 2022, the Public Committee on Human Rights appealed to the President of Russia and the Director of the FSB with a request to initiate a criminal case against an "indefinite circle of people" who introduced the presence of publications in journals from the Scopus and Web of science databases as a condition for allocating funding for scientific research.

Since 2012, it has really become impossible to get money for science without such publications. And the cost of placing a scientific article in the pool of such journals ranged from 200 thousand rubles and more.

But not even the very fact of payment has become critical. The Scopus and Web of science journals established an important criterion for scientific articles: their results, in order to be printed, were obliged to contain criticism of the current political system of Russia or indicate its failure. No money could cancel this rule. For ten years, our scientists were obliged to rivet work against their country so that the university could receive money from the state. At the same time, impracticable conditions for entering the specified data bases were created for Russian journals.

Without the indicated publications, career growth within the university was also impossible - it is impossible under the law of the Russian Federation to get a new qualification without publications in Anglo-Saxon bases today. Interestingly, the French, Germans, Italians, Chinese and many others categorically abandoned such a system, realizing its potential risks. Interestingly, the open appeal does not indicate the actors who decided to introduce this system.

2021

HSE: the number of Russian scientists leaving abroad has halved in 2 years

The number of Russian scientists leaving abroad has halved in 2 years, as evidenced by data from the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE), released in early February 2022.

As Kommersant writes "with reference to this study, if 2019 Russia scientists left for work or internship 540 year, then in 2021 their number decreased to 277. Most often, researchers served abroad in 2021, their share was 72%. Most of them are engaged in the field of natural (73%), technical (14%) and agricultural (6%) sciences.

Basically, they traveled for up to one year, trips longer than two years, the authors of the study call rare. The top five countries, where Russian scientists have most often been sent over the past three years, include Germany,, France, and USA China Vietnam.

Teachers who do not have a degree (41%) come to Russia most of all - for work, training or internship. 70% of them come for up to one year. Most of them have citizenship of China, Germany, Kazakhstan, Belarus and Ukraine.

As the researchers found out, among Russian graduate students temporarily traveling abroad, the share of those under the age of 30 has increased. The most mobile are graduate students studying at universities located in large cities of the Russian Federation (90%). Over the past three years, graduate students from St. Petersburg (46%), Moscow (11%) and the Tomsk region (9.5%) have most often traveled abroad.

The study is about researchers of all ranks - from graduate students to the faculty of research institutes and universities. At the same time, scientists who emigrated from Russia and no longer interact with domestic research institutes and universities are not taken into account.^[12]

The number of researchers in the Russian Federation over the past 15 years has decreased by 17.5%

On May 13, 2021, President of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) Alexander Sergeyev announced that the number of researchers in the Russian Federation over the past 15 years has decreased by 17.5%, while in almost all countries there was a significant increase - by 30-130%.

According to Sergeyev, by May 2021 Russia ranks sixth in the world in terms of the number of researchers in the equivalent of full employment, Germany and South Korea are on the list, while several years ago the Russian Federation was in fourth position. According to the relative number of researchers per 10 thousand employed population, Russia has 27th place, and the country's position is deteriorating, he said during the parliamentary hearings "The scientific personnel potential of the country: state, development trends and growth tools."

The academician added that the issue of the country's scientific and personnel potential in recent years has caused public concern due to the continuing negative trends in the quantitative and qualitative composition of researchers, as evidenced by statistics.

Earlier in 2021, the chief scientific secretary of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) Nikolai Dolgushkin said that since 2012, the number of scientists and highly qualified specialists leaving Russia has increased fivefold. According to him, over the past three years alone, the number of scientists in the country has decreased by 30 thousand, and as a result, Russia cannot fulfill the indicators of the Nauka national project, which set the task to increase the number of specialists. Among the risks for Russian scientists, he named, in particular, a lack of funding.

Nikolai Dolgushkin noted that Russia remained the only country among developed countries where the number of scientists has been declining for several decades in a row. In 1990, Russia ranked first in the world in terms of the number of scientists, but since then their number has decreased from 992 thousand to 348 thousand, that is, by 65%, the academician specified.^[13]

2020

The expenses of Russian scientists on publication in foreign scientific journals increased by 50%, to $10 million

The expenses of Russian scientists on publication in foreign scientific journals at the end of 2020 increased by 50% compared to 2019 and reached about $10 million. Such data on February 2, 2022 on his Facebook page was cited by the vice-president of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) Aleksei Khokhlov.

According to him, in 2020, in leading "quartile" journals from the Web of Science Core Collection database, the number of articles in which the main contribution belongs to Russian scientists amounted to about 27 thousand, which is 19% more than a year ago. Of these, only 20 thousand fell on magazines distributed by subscription, and 7 thousand (26%) - on foreign open access magazines.

It is noted that 57% of Russian open articles in 2020 are accounted for by the MDPI publishing house. This publishing house is based in Switzerland, controlled by Chinese business and has a controversial reputation, said the vice president of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

He noted that articles in open-access journals are paid for by authors from their grants or by the organizations where they work. Ultimately, this is budget money, $10 million, which Russian scientists spent on paid publications in foreign scientific publications, more than five times higher than the state budget expenditures on all journals of the Russian Academy of Sciences, which give the lion's share of the "quartile" Russian journals included in the Web of Science Core Collection, Khokhlov emphasized.

According to him, that is why the Russian Academy of Sciences has been raising the question of creating the Russian Academic Publishing House for several years, the main goal of which would be to publish the best Russian magazines in Open Access mode (including Russian and English versions). In this case, budget money will go to the development of a system of Russian magazines of high quality, and not to pay for the services of foreign publishing companies, he added.^[14]

Moscow ranked 10th among world cities in terms of the number of Nobel and Fields Prize winners

The Institute for Statistical Research and Knowledge Economics (ISIEZ) of the Higher School of Economics in February 2021 issued a rating of the innovative attractiveness of world cities (HSE Global Cities Innovation Index), covering 36 global centers. One area of ​ ​ research is devoted to scientists and laureates of the Nobel and Fields Prizes. According to the report, at the end of 2020, Moscow ranked 10th among world cities in terms of the number of Nobel and Fields Prize winners. Read more here.

2019: The number of young scientists in Russia over 9 years decreased by 20% to 58.5 thousand people

The number of young scientists in Russia over 9 years decreased by 20% - from 71.1 thousand people in 2010 to 58.5 thousand in 2019. Such data are given in the Strategy of Youth Policy in the Russian Federation for the period until 2030, published on the website of the Ministry of Education and Science.

According to Interfax with reference to this document, its authors consider the decrease in the number of young scientists a prerequisite for reducing the scientific potential of the country and may lead to a lag in high-tech sectors of the economy.

The authors of the strategy also draw attention to the decrease in the number of young people in the structure of society, and also note that when receiving secondary general education, there is a tendency to reduce the number of school graduates choosing specialized mathematics, technical and natural science subjects to pass the unified state exam.

This trend in the future is a prerequisite for reducing scientific potential and may lead to a lag in high-tech sectors of the economy, a decrease in the pace of achieving "digital maturity" in various fields, the draft strategy says, excerpts from which are cited by agencies.

It also notes that young scientists demonstrate a high level of scientific qualifications. According to the authors of the strategy, on average, one in seven of them have a degree.

In 2023, Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation Nikolai Patrushev said that the number of researchers over the past two decades has decreased in Russia by about 25%.

A serious obstacle to achieving technological independence is a shortage of qualified scientific, engineering and labor personnel. The total number of personnel engaged in research and development in Russia has decreased by a quarter over the past 20 years, he said at the end of October 2023.[15]

2012: The state program for the development of science until 2020 was approved

Main article: State Program of the Russian Federation "Development of Science and Technology" for the period until 2020

1948: Academician Trofim Lysenko declares genetics pseudoscience

1904

1880

1878

1874

1755: "Teatrum Mahinarum" by scientist and mechanic Andrei Nartov

Andrei Konstantinovich Nartov - Russian scientist, mechanic and sculptor, state adviser, member of the Academy of Sciences (1723-1756), inventor of a turning-screw cutter with a mechanized caliper and a set of replaceable toothed wheels. Subsequently, this invention was forgotten, and the screw-cutting machine with a mechanical caliper and a guitar of interchangeable gears was reinvented around 1800 by Briton Henry Maudsley.

Born in Moscow in 1693. Its exact origin is unknown. It is assumed that he was from Posad people.

Since 1709 he worked as a turner at the Moscow School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences. In 1712, Peter I summoned him to, St. Petersburg where he identified him as a highly qualified turner, in his own palace "turner." At this time, Nartov developed and built a number of mechanized machines for copying bas-reliefs and works of applied art. Around 1718, the king sent Nartov on a trip to Prussia, Holland, France and England to improve in turning art and "acquire knowledge in mechanics and mathematics," and upon returning from abroad he instructed him to run his turner shop, which he soon expanded and replenished with new machines taken out and discharged by him from abroad. Nartov's relationship with Peter the Great was very close: the turner shop was near the royal chambers and often served as a cabinet for the tsar.

Andrei Konstantinovich Nartov died on April 16 (27), 1756 in St. Petersburg. After his death, large debts remained, as he invested a lot of personal funds in scientific and technical experiments.

In 1755, Nartov completed work on the manuscript "Theatrum Mahinarium, or the Clear Spectacle of Mahins" - a kind of encyclopedia of machine tools, medallist and lathe art of the 1st half of the 18th century. This book is of great importance for the history of science and technology; Nartov wanted to "declare it to the people," that is, print it and make it available to all turners, mechanics and designers.

"Theatrum Mahinarum" was completed by Nartov shortly before his death. After the death of the author, his son collected all the sheets of the manuscript, bound and prepared it for presentation to Catherine II. The manuscript was transferred to the court library, where it then lay in obscurity for almost two hundred years: in 1952 it was discovered in the State Public Library named after M.I. Saltykov-Shchedrin and became the subject of scientific study.

See also

• Russia
• Russian economy

Notes