State automated system "Control" (GASU)

State Information System "Management" (GASU) - it is planned that with its help the work of officials "to achieve the most important indicators of socio-economic development and fulfill their powers" will be assessed.

In December 2009, Prime Minister Vladimir Putin signed Decree No. 1088 on a single vertically integrated state automated information system "Management" (GASU). The document says that work on the system will be completed in 2012, and by the end of 2010 their financing will come from the federal budget under the Electronic Russia program.

Why GAS is needed

Initially, it was assumed that the system will be aimed at solving the tasks of monitoring the implementation of Priority National Projects, analyzing the socio-economic development of Russia and the regions of the Russian Federation. Later, the tasks of the system changed.

The GASU concept says that with its help the work of officials "to achieve the most important indicators of socio-economic development and fulfill their powers" will be assessed. Employees of these departments should monitor the performance indicators of officials through the GASU in real time.

"The

subject is often asked for the same data by several federal departments. Moreover, the data are provided differently: in one case everything is bad, in the other - on the contrary. With the introduction of state automated system "Management," the information will be unified, "- previously explained the meaning of creating the system, Director of the IT Department of the Government Aleksei Popov (worked in this position until May 2012).

It is expected that state automated system "Management" will combine a number of information departmental and regional resources that ensure the solution of a wide range of tasks in the interests of specific departments and regions. All solutions should be implemented in a single software and hardware platform, which makes it possible to ensure their integration in order to form the basis of a single automated government system.

In 2014, one of the key tasks of the state automated system "Management" was called the translation of the entire exchange of statistical information between departments into electronic form. In fact, the system should replace the current exchange procedure and collect periodically updated demanded information, which allows, on the one hand, to have an upper-level vision, and on the other, the ability to obtain detailed data on the selected topic.

File:Gasu.jpg Double click to zoom in

Customer, Operator, Users

The state customer for the creation of the Management system was the Ministry of Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation, the operator was the unified national operator of the electronic government infrastructure Rostelecom.

Responsible for the creation of state automated system "Management," according to the decree of Vladimir Putin, are the Ministry of Economic Development, the Federal Treasury, the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications, the Ministry of Regional Development and the FSO, as well as federal authorities that must ensure integration with state automated system "Management" of their own IT systems. The government commission on the introduction of IT into the activities of government agencies is the coordination body for the development of the system.

Until the beginning of 2014, the following companies took part in the development of state automated system "Management":

• ISG,
• "Forecast,"
• Kraftway,
• Rostelecom,
• NVision Group,
• "Katsit,"
• IBS.

Among the users of the system are the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation, the Government Apparatus, the Accounts Chamber and presidential plenipotentiaries in federal districts. Employees of these departments should monitor the performance indicators of officials through the GASU in real time. For data transmission, communication channels of the Federal Security Service (FSO) are used.

System Development Costs

As of April 2014, federal budget expenditures on state automated system "Management," according to CNews Analytics, are close to 1 billion rubles.

The amount of expenses for 2009-2010 was approved by the government in September 2009 in resolution No. 721. Rostelecom began work on GASU also in 2009. In total, 549.14 million rubles were allocated to GASU for these two years. As a source in the government told CNews, 2009 million rubles were spent on the development of the system in 260. Based on these data, in 2010 similar costs will amount to almost 290 million rubles. Valery Zubakha, director of the Electronic Government project at Rostelecom, did not name absolute numbers when asked by CNews about costs, but said that in 2009 they were "significantly less than 260 million rubles."

According to Alexey Kudryavtsev, Chief Managing Director of ISG, the total cost of creating and implementing GASU from 2006 to 2008 amounted to approximately 300 million rubles.

History of the development of the system

2024

The introduction of digital dashboards, in which governors will be able to all information about their region

On the basis of the state automated system (GAS) "Management," a specialized analytical panel will be launched, which will help governors monitor the implementation of the most priority federal tasks implemented at the level of a particular region. This was announced on November 27, 2024 by the Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation - Head of the Government Apparatus Dmitry Grigorenko.

It is noted that a digital model for managing national projects has been introduced in Russia, which works in real time. It uses advanced algorithms to predict outstanding activities and is set up to proactively solve problems. This approach makes it possible to ensure high efficiency of the implementation of national projects with an increase in their number. The model operates on the basis of a state automated control system that allows you to work efficiently with big data.

Digital dashboards are being introduced in state automated system "Management," allowing governors to receive all data about their region in a single format

It is also said that new national projects have become larger, involve even more interagency interaction and include 118 federal projects instead of the current 91. To improve the efficiency of work, the governors will receive a universal dashboard: it will provide up-to-date information on the implementation of national projects, federal instructions, subsidies and the stage of consideration of appeals to federal bodies.

This will create a convenient bilateral communication channel and increase the transparency of interaction between the government and the regions, - notes Grigorenko.

The digital management model implemented in the Russian Federation allows you to control at what stage of implementation the project is. In addition, the construction of facilities is being monitored - schools, hospitals, roads, affordable and comfortable housing. And by 2026, it is planned to complete the digital translation of all reporting and data sources as part of the implementation of national projects.^[1]

The Ministry of Digital Development launches an experiment on the formation of reporting of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the GIS "Management"

On October 22, 2024, the Ministry of Digital Development of Russia published a draft resolution on an experiment to optimize the reporting processes of subjects to state bodies. The experiment involves a one-time provision of data through the state automated information system "Management."

According to Vedomosti, the project provides for the use of data from information displays of federal executive bodies, participants in the experiment and the federal state information system "xxUnified Information Platform of the National Data Management System."

The Ministry of Digital Development begins an experiment to create reporting for the subjects of the Russian Federation in the GIS "Management" system

The experiment involves the development of new reporting technologies within the framework of the GIS "Management." According to the draft resolution, the schedule for the experiment should be determined no later than February 1, 2025, and its completion is scheduled for December 26, 2025.

The ministry recommended the governments of Moscow and the Moscow region, as well as the administration of the Krasnodar Territory, to participate in the experiment. Most federal ministries will also be among the participants in the project.

The employee of the Ministry of Digital Development Ekaterina Bedareva is appointed responsible for implementation of the project. The draft resolution is registered on the portal of draft regulatory legal acts under the number 01/01/10-24/00151795.

The experiment is aimed at improving the system of public administration through the introduction of modern information technologies in the process of collecting and processing reports. It is planned that the new approach will optimize administrative procedures and increase the effectiveness of interdepartmental interaction.

The initiative is part of a broader program of digital transformation of public administration aimed at creating a single information space for authorities at all levels. The successful implementation of the experiment can become the basis for the large-scale introduction of a new reporting system in all regions of Russia.^[2]

A digital platform for monitoring the activities of officials for 479.7 million rubles is being created in the Russian Federation

In early October 2024, it became known that federal budget 479.7 million would be allocated from 2030 to rubles create a platform for monitoring control (supervisory) activities based on state the information system. (state automated system) "Control" The order to implement the project was given by the Deputy Prime Minister - Chief of Staff. Governments of the Russian Federation Dmitry Grigorenko More here

2023: The functions of a single decision-making center for the work of GAS "Management" are transferred to the Government of the State Automated System Federation

The project office of the Government of the Russian Federation will receive the functions of a single decision-making center for the work of the state automated system "Management" and the procedure for interaction of its participants. On January 9, 2023, Kommersant writes about this with reference to the corresponding draft government decree developed by the Ministry of Ministry of Digital Development.

According to the document, the project office will have the authority to form functional requirements for the system in terms of national (federal, regional) projects, analyze and control the quality of data, as well as coordinate the information interaction of its participants.

From the explanatory note to the draft resolution referred to by the newspaper, it also follows that a single decision-making center for the work of the state automated system "Management" is necessary due to the increase in the number of participants in project activities and the high intensity of communication between them - without centralizing the management of the system, disparate decisions about its structure and organization lead to a decrease in the efficiency of both itself and the interaction of its participants.

As the newspaper notes, this initiative of the Ministry of Digital Science corresponds to the strategy of the Cabinet of Ministry of Digital Development to reorganize the project work of the government. It provides for a significant change in the model of its management, consolidating on an ongoing basis new and pilot approaches to simplifying procedures, introduced in the spring of 2022 in the mode of "counter-sanction" acceleration of the work of the government.

To support the project activities, it is planned to use several systems integrated into the existing IT structures of public administration, including just on the basis of state automated system "State Administration" - it implements an analytical subsystem, which will allow to consider the results of national, federal, departmental and regional projects in sections, who are interested in the White House, including "going abroad" of normative achievement of the goal and being interested in how the result is embedded in real life, writes Kommersant^[3]

2019: GIS import substitution using the example of GASU 2.0 - GASU 3.0

2014: Another Deadline Breakdown

In April 2014, it became known that the process of connection and integration with the state automated system "Administration" of federal and regional executive bodies of the Russian Federation is proceeding at a slow pace, the Federal Treasury stated in reports sent to the Government. A number of federal departments and regions not only did not connect to the system, but also ignored Treasury requests for the status of these works, follows from the documents that CNews got acquainted with.

Putin's decree of 2011 also approved the deadline for the industrial launch of the system - from January 1, 2013, the federal authorities had to request information from their colleagues in the Government and from the regions exclusively through the state automated system "Administration."

But this period was disrupted. The Treasury explained this by the fact that the Ministry of Communications (in which the team changed again in 2012) delayed the transfer of the developed software to a new operator and did so only in October 2012.

At the end of 2012, the subcommittee on the use of IT in the provision of public services approved new schedules for integration and connection of departments to the state automated system "Management." According to this document, by the end of 2013, 26 federal bodies had to integrate their information systems with the state automated system "Management" (i.e. transfer data to it), and 82 federal departments were planned to connect to the system as consumers of information.

According to the Federal Treasury at the end of March 2014, 12 federal departments performed integration with state automated system "Administration":

• Treasury,
• Minregion,
• Ministry of Finance,
• FIU,
• FMS,
• FTS,
• FSO
• and a number of others.

7 departments reported that they were in the process of integration, and another 7 did not provide information and did not integrate (FCS, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Culture, Ministry of Sports, Ministry of Health, Roszdravnadzor, Rosportebnadzor).

They did not integrate with the state automated system "Management" and did not provide information to the Treasury of 32 regions (the same number were integrated, the rest in the process).

As consumers of information, 30 federal departments and 292 regional authorities out of 68 subjects joined the state automated system "Management." 14 federal departments did not connect and did not inform the Treasury about the relevant plans, including the Ministry of Communications, the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the FSS, the MHIF, etc.

Many officials are skeptical of the Governance state automated system.

"This is a stillborn project, besides, a number of its functions are duplicated by the functions of the situation centers of federal bodies, the decree on the creation of which was signed by Vladimir Putin in the fall of 2013," says the IT head of one of the departments.

The next failure of the deadlines for the completion of work on the state automated system "Management" is planned to be discussed at the government commission on April 22, 2014, follows from the documents of the Treasury of^[1].

The Federal Treasury will spend 135 million rubles. to modernize and support the application software state automated system "Management"

The Federal Treasury announced in December 2014 an open competition for the implementation of work on the modernization and maintenance of the applied software state automated system "Management." The initial (maximum) contract price is 135 million rubles. Applications for participation are accepted until December 17, 2014^[2]

The Contractor will have to perform: maintenance of the Management state automated system (the works are estimated at 41.73 million rubles); works on additional certification tests of state automated system "Management" for compliance with information security requirements (1.75 million rubles); works on installation and adjustment of ASW state automated system "Control" on equipment intended for industrial operation and pilot operation of state automated system "Control" (3.7 million rubles); work on the organization of work on the assessment of the impact of ASW state automated system "Management" on the fulfillment of the requirements for CIPF (5.1 million rubles); work on updating decisions on the organization of a set of information protection tools state automated system "Management" (2.9 million rubles); modernization of ASW state automated system "Management" and preliminary autonomous tests (77.14 million rubles); work on the development of updated technical requirements for the modernization of State Automated System "Management" (2.68 million rubles).

2013: Back to the Future

There is no doubt that the pause at the end of 2012 was caused by the renewal of a number of ministries, first of all, Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media which only in October was able to transfer to Federal Treasury software the systems. In addition, the director of the IT department left the government. Nevertheless, they Aleksei Popov Ministry of Economic Development did not Treasury waste time preparing the next version of the state automated system concept "Management." In October, a government commission led by a new communications minister Nikolay Nikiforov returned to discussing the system and approved the document.

The 2012 concept summed up the previous period. It notes that not all announced plans have been fulfilled. The goals of the creation and use of the state automated system "Management" have been achieved to ensure a limited range of functional tasks of the highest authorities:

• prototypes of information systems for ensuring the activities of the Prime Minister and the chief of staff of the government demanded a deeper individual study.
• It was not possible to create a universal tool for collecting and analyzing data in the field of public administration, which would provide a decision-making process, monitoring, control over the implementation of decisions, etc.

The creation of a fully functional system, according to the authors of the document, was hampered by the lack of uniform approved data formats, standards and protocols, unified regulatory and technical requirements for state information systems and rules for interdepartmental documentation and information exchange, established deadlines, mechanisms and responsibilities when submitting these executive authorities to the Management system.

As a result, by the end of 2012, "a number of systemic shortcomings and unresolved problems" remained in the field of information and analytical support for the activities of government agencies:

• information flows between federal and regional authorities were repeatedly duplicated,

• the speed of updating data and the degree of its detail is low,

• application of modern methods of data processing and analysis, project management is difficult.

• The variety of technologies for collecting, processing and storing data by various government agencies significantly increases the barriers of interdepartmental information exchange, and the exchange between authorities is still carried out on paper.

The authors of the new concept noted "the most important changes in the field of ensuring the openness and accessibility of information on the activities of state bodies and local self-government bodies for citizens" that have been taking place so far, as a result of which the goals, objectives, basic principles and organization of management of the development process of the state automated system "Management" have changed.

One of the key tasks of the development of the system is the transfer of the entire interdepartmental exchange of statistical information into electronic form, the Federal Treasury believes. The system should change the existing procedure for information exchange and collect periodically updated, demanded information that helps, on the one hand, to obtain understanding and vision of the upper level, and on the other, to obtain detailed information on the selected topic. According to the ideologists of the system, automation of these functions will free up significant human resources in the administrative structures of the subjects.

A new developer - a new system?

In October 2012, the Federal Treasury held a competition and selected a new system developer. Having reduced the price from 150 million rubles. up to 69.9 million won the company "Katsit."

Its leader and 100% owner since August 2012 is Alexander Kozhin. In 2004 to 2008, he served as director of public sector at IBS, and in 2008 he moved to ISG, the parent of State Automated System Management. The Federal Treasury competition was the largest among those in which Katsit has won so far.

Methodological and organizational support for the development of state automated system "Management" under a contract with the Ministry of Economic Development is provided by IBS, which won the corresponding competition for 21 million rubles in September 2012. By order of the Ministry of Regional Development, "Forecast" also participates in the project. The value of the contract with him is 3.7 million rubles.

Conceptual-stage division

The authors of the concept divided the further development of the system into three stages.

In 2012, it was necessary to create a data collection system for suppliers who do not have the technical ability to provide them (first of all, we are talking about regions with a low level of informatization, which are planned to provide data input forms through an Internet browser), regulate the procedures for maintaining a single database register, create an exchange mechanism through state automated system "Management" using an interdepartmental electronic interaction system (SMEV), etc.

In 2013, it is planned to expand the composition of information resources interacting with the system and the composition of its users, as well as automate the upload of data from the Management state automated system to the Kontur subsystem, intended for top officials of the state. The creator of such is the FSO. In 2013, the contractor will perform work on the development of the system, which will become the winner of the next competition of the Federal Treasury. Its initial price, according to the procurement plan, will be 69.7 million rubles.

In 2014, it is planned to connect non-state sources of information to state automated system "Management" and ensure the possibility of embedding third-party software in the system portal. The targets given in the concept are already more cautious. According to the results of the described stages, its authors promise to create a register of state databases, bring the share of state systems integrated with the Management state automated system to at least 70% and equally reduce duplication of information flows. The authors of the concept do not promise to connect all regions of the country to the system - only "providing access."

Who needs it or Success in coordination

Experts, discussing the prospects of state automated system "Management" with representatives of the media, are skeptical in their judgments regarding the system. Some express doubts about the certainty of the functional customer and the interest of the latter in unverified information from the regions - it was supposed to take data from the departments and bring it to the information panels for the first persons, but do they need them?.. The first persons have no time to use them, and there is no confidence in the reliability of the information, since there is no verification mechanism.

But the Ministry of Economic Development is in no hurry to agree with such arguments, arguing that the mechanisms for data verification are laid down in the very concept of the development of the Management state automated system, in the regulatory and technical field that is now being created and give grounds for such conclusions:

• data in the system can only be provided by regional civil servants with appropriate powers.
• when submitted to the system, the data is signed by an electronic signature.
• The system will carry out additional format and logic control of the received data.
• The analytical tools of the system allow analysts to detect sharp jumps and deviations, which often indicates erroneous data.

"The launch of state automated system" Management "requires high coordination of the actions of all departments and regions, as well as the launch of the System of Interdepartmental Electronic Interaction (SMEV)," said Aleksei Popov, now the head of the UEC. He also assesses the prospects of the project similar to the prospects of SMEV: "If it is possible to launch SMEV organizationally, it will be possible to fully launch state automated system" Management "in the same organizational way.

2012: Rescheduling Launch Dates

In December 2012, the Subcommittee on the Use of IT in the Provision of Public Services (acts as part of the Government Commission on the Implementation of IT in the Activities of Government Agencies) published minutes of meetings (dated December 13 and 19, 2012) on the creation of the state automated system "Management," from which it follows that the launch of the system is delayed.

According to a government decree signed by Vladimir Putin in September 2011, "federal executive bodies must request information from federal executive bodies, executive bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments exclusively through the Management system from January 1, 2013.

As follows from the minutes of the meetings of the subcommittee, the connection of federal bodies to the state automated system "Management" is planned only for February 2013, and the connection of the regions - until October 2013. At the same time, in the case of the feds, and in the case of the regions, we are not talking about industrial, but only about the experimental operation of the system.

As a separate document, the sub-commission published a schedule for integrating state information resources with the state automated system "Management," according to which some systems from December 2012 - January 2013 should provide "data uploading on an ongoing basis," and for a number of others from February to April 2013, only the "start of test integration" should be provided.

In total, the plan contains information on 62 information systems, including:

• AS of the Federal Treasury,
• Unified interdepartmental information and statistical system (UIISS),
• AIS "Tax" and "Finance,"
• a number of accounting systems developed on the 1C and Sail platforms,
• systems of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
• Ministry of Health,
• Ministry of Education and Science, etc.

Responsible for the creation of state automated system "Management," according to the decree of Vladimir Putin, are the Ministry of Economic Development, the Federal Treasury, the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications, the Ministry of Regional Development and the FSO, as well as federal authorities that must ensure integration with state automated system "Management" of their own IT systems. The government commission on the introduction of IT into the activities of government agencies is the coordination body for the development of the system.

By December 1, 2011, the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications, according to a government decree, had to transfer part of the Management state automated system subsystems to the balance sheet to the Federal Treasury, and by February 1, 2012, another part to the federal authorities. "But the systems were not transferred until October 2012," the Federal Treasury told CNews. "In this regard, we could not begin their revision in time."

The Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications forwarded the CNews request to the Ministry of Economic Development, in which it was reported that during 2012 the methodological basis of the system was worked out on their part. The Federal Treasury added that now the modernization of the system is proceeding at an intensified pace.

For the largest state IT projects in Russia during this period, the practice of disrupting strict deadlines is typical. For example, the system of interdepartmental electronic interaction is still not fully functioning, which from July 1, 2012 was supposed to free citizens throughout the country from the need to provide additional certificates when applying for public services. The introduction of a universal electronic card was postponed by a year - from January 1, 2012 to January 1, 2013^[3].

2010: Contour Components as "Forecast" subcontractor

In December 2010, Contour Components completed the contract for the development of subsystems designed to exchange data and maintain metadata for the state automated system "Management" project.

Contour Components participates in the development of state automated system "Management" as a subcontractor of CJSC "Forecast."

In accordance with the contract, a subsystem for maintaining indicators was developed, which ensures the collection and maintenance of metadata (classifiers, descriptions of indicators, etc.) and an integration subsystem that ensures the exchange of data and metadata between departments and the state automated system "Management."

The solution for state automated system "Management" used innovative methods and technologies of the company, such as an extensible description of metadata, alternative classification, technology for exchanging data and metadata through web services in XML format and others.

It was reported that Forecast has implemented the following subsystems of State Automated System Management:

• Information system for monitoring the socio-economic development of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of the Apparatus of the Government of the Russian Federation, providing tools for monitoring, analyzing and predicting the socio-economic development and budgetary and financial condition of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

• An information and analytical system for monitoring and monitoring the implementation of priority national projects, providing tools for monitoring and monitoring the implementation of priority national projects, assessing the achievement of targets in accordance with the approved network schedules for their implementation.

• System for monitoring the development of industries and defense industry of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation, providing tools for monitoring and analyzing indicators characterizing the development of industry of the Russian Federation in the context of industries, types of activities, constituent entities of the Russian Federation and individual enterprises of the defense industry;

• Information and analytical system for monitoring and analyzing the use of ICT in the state department of the Ministry of Communications and Mass Media of Russia, providing tools for monitoring and analyzing indicators of ICT use in the socio-economic sphere and public administration, monitoring the implementation of programs and projects in the field of communications and ICT;

• A unified interdepartmental information and statistical system of state statistics aimed at providing users with reliable statistical data that meet international statistical standards, filling other systems with the "Management" state automated system with up-to-date and operational statistical information provided by Rosstat;

• A typical regional segment of state automated system "Management," which ensures the solution of a wide range of monitoring, analysis and forecasting tasks in the interests of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Using the example of the Tver region, the Governor's Situation Center was developed, integrated with the federal segment of the state automated system "Management" and providing comprehensive detailed information on the processes of socio-economic development of the region both at the macroeconomic level (key indicators of the region's development in comparison with neighboring regions, the federal district, the country as a whole), and at the level of municipalities of the region.

2009: Prototype from ISG + Forecast

Until 2009, ISG was the contractor for the creation and development of the system. "A prototype of the system was created, which can be the basis for its subsequent development," Alexey Kudryavtsev, Chief Managing Director of ISG, told CNews. - A fault-tolerant hardware and software complex that ensures the system functioning is located at two sites in Moscow. The number of users in 2009 exceeded 800 people in 7 federal districts. Since 2007, ISG has been operating a technical support service with a 24/7 customer support center. "

At the end of December 2009, the Rostelecom Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media Russia company announced the completion of annual work on the creation of a GASU under the contract with "" in the interests of. Forecast"" "Departmental information systems have been developed, as well as a central information and analytical system that provides authorities with access state power to departmental and regional information resources," the company said in a statement.

"In 2009, GASU from the priority national project became a management system," said the press service of the Ministry of Communications, through which GASU is financed. "A lot of work has been done. 10 subsystems were added, which are now available for operation in test mode. In 2010, the system is supposed to be certified, after which it is planned to be put into trial operation. "

Valery Zubakha, who worked as the director of the Electronic Government project of OJSC Rostelecom, also positively assessed the current state of the project. "Everything planned has been done," he told CNews. To the question of what kind of work was completed in 2009, he immediately could not answer: "You need to raise materials. Only the volume of reporting documentation for us amounted to 350 volumes. The technical design has been completely done, a prototype system has been developed. " In response to a question about priority plans for work on GASU in 2010, Zubakha said that the work will be carried out in full compliance with the documents on Electronic Russia.

2005

The creation of state automated system "Management" began in 2005. Initially, it was assumed that the system would collect data on priority national projects implemented in Russia. It was planned to complete its development in 2008. Over time, it was decided to expand the functionality of the system.

See also

• Information technologies in the Federal Treasury of the Russian Federation
• Import substitution of information systems in the Federal Treasury
• Treasury System of the Russian Federation
• State Integrated Information System of Public Finance Management "Electronic Budget" (GIIS EB)
• State Information System for State and Municipal Payments (GIS GMP)
• State Automated Information System "Management" (GASU)

• Infrastructure of the Treasury in the data centers of the Federal Tax Service
• Support of IT infrastructure of the Federal Treasury of Russia

• Review: Import substitution of information technology in Russia
• Import substitution of information technologies in Russia
• Import substitution of software in the public sector
• Plan for the transition of government agencies to Russian software
• Article on the regulation of public procurement of domestic software

• E-Government of Russia

Notes