Removal of tumors

Main article: Cancer treatment

2025

A Russian boron neutron capture therapy system has been released for the treatment of cancer without damage to healthy cells

In November 2025 China , the course of treatment of more than 60 patients with cancer using the Russian boron-neutron capture therapy (BNZT) was completed. The installation was developed at the G.I. Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INF SB RAS) in. Novosibirsk More details. here

Pancreatic Cancer Wearable Device Entered the Market

In mid-August 2025, Novocure announced the release of the Optune Lua wearable device designed to treat pancreatic cancer. Previously, a similar system was approved for the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Read more here

China has developed nanotherapy to fight any cancer - it suppresses tumor growth and metastases

The innovative nanotherapy, which can inhibit the growth of malignant tumors and inhibit the development of metastases, was developed by Chinese researchers under the guidance of Professor Wang Xiaorhui of Southern Medical University. The created nanoparticles penetrate the cancer cells and destroy them from the inside, while blocking the signaling mechanisms responsible for the spread of the tumor process. The results of the study are published in the scientific journal Nature Cancer in June 2025 and are positioned as a breakthrough in the field of a universal approach to the treatment of various forms of cancer. Read more here

For the first time, cancer was treated with proton arc therapy. Her exposure is much less

At the end of February 2025, Italian researchers from the Trento Center for Proton Therapy reported the first clinical procedures using proton arc therapy. This opens up new opportunities for the treatment of cancer. Read more here.

A device for the treatment of cancer with microwave radiation was presented in Russia

Russian scientists have developed the country's first medical complex that allows you to destroy tumors using microwave radiation without surgery. The device has successfully passed laboratory tests and solves the problem of import substitution in the field of oncological equipment. This was announced by the project manager Fedor Kochetov on November 9, 2025.

According to TASS, an application for registration of the product in Roszdravnadzor is planned to be submitted in 2026. Kochetov noted that such tools already exist in the world, but are absent in Russia, so the main task of development is to replace imported technologies.

Device using microwave radiation for cancer treatment demonstrated in Russia

The medical complex includes an antenna connected to a microwave generator. A special antenna is introduced into the tumor tissue, which emits electromagnetic energy directly into the affected tissues. This ensures the locality of heating and the point effect on the neoplasm.

The principle of operation of the device is based on the heating of water molecules under the influence of emitted energy. Water molecules transfer thermal energy to the surrounding tissues, and upon reaching a sufficiently high temperature, tumor cells are destroyed.

The peculiarity of the technology lies in the directional effect of microwave energy on the region containing tumor tissue. Healthy tissues and vital structures outside a given area are not subjected to excessive thermal damage, which significantly reduces the risks to the patient.

device is intended for treatment of cancer of breast, thyroid gland, as well as neoplasms in lungs, kidneys and liver. The duration of surgery with such a complex is 20 minutes, which is three times faster than the hour required to remove tumors by open surgery.

The use of the complex requires the participation of only one surgeon and the use of local anesthesia instead of general anesthesia. Kochetov clarified that the device consists of 70% of domestic components and exceeds the available foreign counterparts from China and the United States in a number of parameters.^[1]

A machine to kill breast cancer by freezing has entered the market

In early October 2025, IceCure Medical announced the release of the ProSense cryotherapy system for the treatment of breast cancer in patients aged 70 years and older. The device is aimed at women who are not shown surgery to remove the neoplasm. Read more here.

A device has been released to treat a thyroid tumor using pulsed field ablation

On August 26, 2025, Pulse Biosciences introduced a pulse ablation machine for the treatment of thyroid tumors. The solution involves the use of a system of transdermal CellFX electrodes with ultrasonic control. Read more here.

2024

KRET has developed an ultrasound robot to remove cancer tumors

Controlled by the state corporation Rostec, the Radioelectronic Technologies Concern (KRET) has developed a mobile HIFU-therapy device MedUza 008 for non-invasive "operations without a scalpel." This became known in August 2024. Read more here.

Implantable LED device that treats deep cancerous tumours released

In mid-July 2024, researchers at the University of Notre Dame unveiled a new development in cancer therapy, a miniature wireless LED device that can be implanted directly into deep-seated tumors. The new approach uses the power of LEDs in combination with a photosensitive dye that allows the effective destruction of tumor cells while stimulating the body's immune response. Read more here

Innovative proton therapy saves the lives of 83% of neck and head cancer patients

In early June 2024, researchers at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center presented the results of a Modulated Intensity Proton Therapy (IMPT) study, which allows meaningful improvements in head and neck cancer outcomes. Read more here.

A microrobot has been introduced into clinical practice that treats an aneurysm and blocks brain tumors

In late February 2024, a group of Chinese researchers announced the development of a magnetic microfibre robot for medical purposes. It is claimed that the device can reduce the risk of bleeding in a brain aneurysm and help with the therapy of malignant lesions. Read more here.

Nanorobots designed to reduce bladder tumor by 90%

On January 15, 2024, Spanish specialists from the Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona announced the development of a new technology for the treatment of malignant bladder lesions. We are talking about the use of special nanorobots working on urea. Read more here.

Toxic glass developed that kills 99% of bone cancer and restores bone tissue

In late September 2024, British researchers unveiled bioactive, gallium-doped toxic glass that kills 99% of bone cancer cells and allows bone tissue to regenerate.

Osteosarcoma is an extremely malignant bone cancer that mainly affects children and young adults. Usually, an aggressive combination of resection and chemotherapy is used for treatment, but survival rates have barely improved since the 1970s. Alternatively, a research team at Aston University has developed bioactive glass that selectively kills tumor cells.

Bioactive toxic glass

The main goal of osteosarcoma treatment is to destroy the tumor and prevent recurrence. But more than half of patients remain bone deficient, which can lead to fractures. Bioactive glasses are already used to repair and regenerate bones - they bind to bone tissue and activate osteogenesis by releasing a number of ions such as calcium, phosphorus and silicon. But along with this, they can be tuned to release tumor-toxic ions, such as gallium ions, which integrate into the metabolism of cancer cells and cause their death. In addition, gallium suppresses bone resorption, which is especially important in patients with osteosarcoma.

It is suggested that bioactive glasses doped with gallium ions can solve both tasks - to prevent cancer recurrence and reduce the risk of fractures. They developed a new biomaterial that provides targeted drug delivery to the tumor site and also serves as a regenerative scaffold to stimulate the growth of new bone.

The team of researchers plans to test this material on a variety of bone cancers to make sure the treatment is effective, and to optimize the dosage and delivery method before conducting preclinical trials.^[2]

Innovative therapy developed to treat breast cancer with bone metastases considered indistinguishable

In mid-October 2024, promising results of a study of a new drug RK-33 for the treatment of breast cancer with bone metastases, previously considered almost incurable, were published. It has previously been shown that RK-33 also helps in the treatment of other cancers and viral diseases. Read more here

Russian scientists have proposed using neutrophils to deliver drug nanoparticles to cancer tumors

Russian scientists have proposed using a special type of white blood cell - neutrophils - as carriers of drug nanoparticles to combat malignant tumors. The study opens up new perspectives in the development of effective treatments for cancer. MISIS announced this on December 4, 2024. Read more here.

Russia has developed a unique technology for delivering drugs to a cancer tumor that does not kill the rest of the body

In October 2024, it became known about the development by Russian scientists of an innovative method for delivering anti-cancer drugs directly to the tumor, minimizing the negative impact on healthy tissues of the body. The new technology was created by specialists of the Sechenov University of the Ministry of Health of Russia in cooperation with the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry named after M. M. Shemyakin and Yu. A. Ovchinnikov RAS. Read more here.

The first Russian neutron accelerator was built for boron-neutron capture therapy. It treats complex tumors

In the summer of 2024, the first Russian neutron accelerator source for boron-neutron capture therapy (BNZT) was completed. This event opens up new horizons in the fight against intractable tumors, especially in cases where traditional methods are ineffective. Read more here.

170 metastases from the patient's lungs were removed by St. Petersburg oncologists - this is a world record

Doctors of the N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology in St. Petersburg set a world record by removing 170 metastases from the patient's lungs. The press service of the medical center announced this at the end of March 2024. Read more here.

2023

Cancer machine comes out that calculates tumor movement in real time

At the end of February 2023, the Swedish company Elekta introduced the Unity MR-Linac device for cancer treatment, which calculates tumor movement in real time. Read more here.

Nanoparticle system designed to deliver immunostimulatory drugs to tumors developed

On April 19, 2023, employees of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) announced the development of a new way to deliver immunostimulatory drugs to malignant formations. It is assumed that the method will help increase the effectiveness of combating certain types of tumors. Read more here.

Revolution in radiotherapy. New AI system created to precisely kill cancer cells

At the end of June 2023, British researchers from Addenbrooke's Hospital announced the development of a new technology based on artificial intelligence to accurately destroy cancer cells. Read more here.

Brain implant for cancer and Alzheimer's out

On June 27, 2023, French company Carthera announced the SonoCloud therapeutic ultrasound device, a specialized implant designed to treat cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Read more here.

Exacay releases equipment to treat breast cancer on a deep breath

On August 9, 2023, Accurate Incorporated announced the release of the Radixact VitalHold system, developed to treat breast cancer on a deep breath. Read more here.

A micro-device has been developed to select the optimal treatment for glioma

On September 6, 2023, American researchers at Brigham And Women's Hospital announced the development of a micro-device that will help doctors choose the optimal method of treating glioma, a malignant formation that affects the glial cells of the brain or spinal cord. Read more here.

Scientists have made a quantum leap in the treatment of a brain tumor

Researchers have discovered a new way to kill cancer cells in hard-to-treat brain tumors. This was announced on September 14, 2023 by the University of Nottingham. Read more here.

A device has come out that releases sound waves to destroy liver tumors. Johnson & Johnson invested in the developer

On October 9, 2023, the American company HistoSonics announced the Edison system, designed to destroy malignancies using sound waves. This method is a minimally invasive alternative to surgical resection and thermal ablation for patients with primary and metastatic liver cancer. Read more here.

In Russia, mastered digital spinal navigation for the treatment of tumors of the spinal column

Doctors of the Department of Neuro-Oncology of the National Medical Research Center of Oncology (Rostov-on-Don) mastered and introduced into practice an innovative technology for the treatment of spinal column tumors - digital spinal navigation. The press service of the institution announced this on May 18, 2023. Read more here.

The first Russian ultrasound complex for the removal of tumors has been created

On January 24, 2023, Rostec announced the creation of the first Russian ultrasound complex for the treatment of cancer. We are talking about the Diater-M system developed by the Novosibirsk Instrument-Making Plant (refinery) of the Schwabe holding (a subsidiary of Rostec). Read more here.

2022

An implantable pump has been created that delivers cancer drugs directly to the brain

On November 15, 2022, it was announced the creation of an implantable delivery system for drugs to contain cancer directly to the brain.

We used this system to significantly reduce proliferating tumor cells in refractory glioblastoma patients, delivering multiple cycles of topotecan at high concentrations directly to the tumor and surrounding brain for 4 weeks, without major neurological or neurobehavioral events, thereby circumventing limitations associated with conventional systemic delivery and providing a stable quality of life, the study authors wrote. Using MRI to non-invasively monitor the distribution of co-infused gadolinium as a surrogate for topotecan distribution, we found large and stable volumes of drug distribution effectively targeting peritumoral brain tissue where unresectable invasive tumor cells reside.

A single-center, open-label, phase 1b clinical trial was conducted at Columbia Irving University Medical Center in New York City and included 6 patients, one of whom was excluded due to the absence of tumor recurrence from histopathological biopsy analysis taken before treatment. All 5 treated patients had wild-type glioblastoma IDH1 with a tumor volume of 1.9 to 18.0 ml. All patients were white, three men and two women. The median age was 56 years (IQR, 48-57).

Catheters were stereotaxically implanted into the peritumoral brain infiltrated by glioma and connected to subcutaneously implanted pumps. Patients received a total of 4 infusions through this delivery system, each comprising 146 μM topotecan at a dose of 200 μL per hour for 48 hours. After each infusion, a washout period of 5 to 7 days followed, and after the fourth infusion, the tumor was radically removed. Catheter pump removal occurred after 4 weeks. The researchers optimized the choice of biopsy of the localized tumor and catheter trajectory with preoperative MRI.

All 5 patients eventually died from tumor progression, but none of the deaths were treatment-related. ^[3]

Super-hot nanoparticles created to treat cancer

In mid-December 2022, researchers at Oregon State University created a type of hyperthermic magnetic nanoparticle. Super-hot nanoparticles are designed to help kill tumors by localized heating under the influence of an alternating magnetic field.

Previous iterations of such technologies could be heated to a temperature of about 44 ° C, which was only effective in readily available tumors that could be reached with a hypodermic needle, allowing a physician to inject large numbers of nanoparticles directly into the tumor. Hard-to-reach tumors require intravenous administration of nanoparticles, but this usually results in only a small number of particles reaching the tumor, which means that their heating potential is usually insufficient to cause sufficient damage. These particles have a high heating efficiency, reaching a temperature of up to 50 ° C, which makes the systemic use of such therapeutics a more realistic prospect.

Delivering magnetic nanoparticles to the tumor and then minimally invasive heating them with an external alternating magnetic field in the hope of destroying the tumor is an elegant approach to cancer treatment. Indeed, the researchers experimented with this approach for several years. However, the problem with this technique is the low efficiency of heating particles: ordinary magnetic particles reach a temperature of 44 ° C near the tumor. Although this is only a few degrees above body temperature, it is enough to damage and kill tumor cells, provided that enough particles are present in and around the tumor.

The latter point is key as delivering particles to the tumor can be challenging. In more superficial and readily available tumors, a doctor may simply inject a large dose of particles directly into the tumor nucleus. However, for less accessible tumours, this is not possible, so intravenous delivery is required, meaning the particles must go their way through the circulation and enter the tumour.

In order to make systemic delivery more feasible, the researchers created magnetic nanoparticles that can heat up to 50 ° C in the tumor environment. These particles are called core-shell particles because their core and outer shell are composed of different components. In particular, the particles have a core of magnetite (Fe3O4) and a shell of maghemite (γ -Fe2O3), which provides them with excellent^[4] efficiency^[5]

Stryker releases bone tumor ablation system

On September 20, 2022, Stryker announced the launch of the OptaBlate bone tumor ablation system. This solution will help doctors easily adapt their procedures, the system helps to reduce ablation time by three minutes, the manufacturer claims. Read more here.

Infrared implant developed to treat brain cancer

On October 13, 2022, it was reported that researchers at Stanford Medical University had developed and tested a wireless device to treat brain cancer. Read more here.

Fluorescent imaging has been developed to determine the depth of the tumor for its exact removal

In early October 2022, specialists at the University of Washington School of Medicine in St. Louis announced the development of a new fluorescent imaging technology that will help in the future when performing complex surgical interventions related to the removal of tumors.

When eliminating malignancies, accuracy is very important: it is necessary to remove all cancer tissue, but without the ability to distinguish healthy cells from affected cells, this can become a serious problem. Usually, the surgeon removes the edge of healthy tissue around the tumor, but too large an area can be affected, which will lead to additional pain and make it difficult for the patient to rehabilitate. The new system makes it possible to efficiently determine the depth of the location of the malignant formation in the patient's body and carry out surgical interventions with high accuracy.

The method involves introducing a fluorescent dye and using light with two different wavelengths to excite it. In their experiments, scientists used LEDs with a wavelength of 730 and 780 nm, as well as a camera with a CMOS sensor. Since light of different wavelengths travels through tissues in different ways, it becomes possible to determine the depth of the tumor.

Existing fluorescent imaging systems capable of providing data on the depth of location of a malignancy are very massive and expensive. And therefore, only large medical centers can afford their installation. The new system is relatively affordable and compact, which allows us to talk about the possibility of its wide use. So far, the researchers have tested the development in mice: imaging took only five minutes, and the predicted depth of the tumor location corresponds to the actual depth.^[6][7]

Rostec presented a robotic complex for ultrasound diagnostics and cancer treatment

Concern Radioelectronic Technologies (KRET) of Rostec State Corporation at the forum presented a prototype device for the diagnosis and treatment of neoplasms using high-intensity focused ultrasound. This robotic complex, developed jointly with the FMBA of Russia, uses non-invasive technologies, does not violate the integrity of the skin and minimizes the risk of side effects in the treatment of oncology. Rostec announced this on September 20, 2022. Read more here.

Specialists of the INF SB RAS create an accelerator for boron-neutron-capture therapy of cancer

The first boron-neutron-capture cancer therapy in Russia will start working in 2024. The accelerator is created by specialists from the NPI SB RAS. This was announced on August 29, 2022 by Rosatom. Read more here.

The first ultrasound apparatus in Russia to fight tumors has been created

In mid-June 2023, Russian researchers from St. Petersburg Peter the Great Polytechnic University (SPbPU) announced the development of a new complex to combat malignant formations using focused ultrasound. This is the first such device created in the Russian Federation. Read more here.

FMBA has developed a new method of treating prostate cancer

On March 22, 2022, the Federal Biomedical Agency (FMBA) of Russia announced the creation of a new method of treating prostate cancer. It was named "A Method of Focal Brachytherapy of Prostate Cancer in Patients Undergoing Low-Dose Intracanular Therapy."

This is the development of the North-West District Scientific and Clinical Center named after L.G. Sokolov FMBA of Russia. The method has already begun to be used in patients who have received intracanular radiation therapy based on I-125 (brachytherapy). In about 10% of cases after the intervention, local recurrence of the tumor requiring treatment is possible.

A new method of killing tumor cells involves implanting radiation sources into the pathological focus of the prostate gland without affecting the entire volume of tissue. This avoids irradiation of the entire organ and minimizes the number of radiation complications.

As noted in the FMBA, prostate cancer by March 2022 is one of the most common malignant tumors in men: in terms of growth, it ranks first among all oncological diseases, ranks 4th in morbidity and 3rd in mortality.

It is also noted that SZONCC named after L.G. Sokolov FMBA of Russia has extensive experience in the treatment of prostate cancer by brachytherapy (more than 2500 patients have already been treated), this is one of the few institutions where this intervention is carried out under the control of a computed tomograph.^[8]

It is emphasized that modern low-dose brachytherapy (contact intracanular radiation therapy - LT) in prostate cancer since its introduction in the 80s of the XX century. has undergone a number of significant changes in terms of improving the visualization of the target organ, the development of computer planning systems and post-implantation control. All this was reflected in improving the quality of its implementation and improving long-term results.

2021

Printing a brain tumor on a 3D printer to speed up research in Israel

In August 2021, Tel Aviv University researchers used a 3D printer to reproduce a brain tumor, which they said would allow better and faster treatment of glioblastoma, an aggressive cancer.

The development could also speed up the process of bringing new drugs to market, the university said in a statement.

The center's staff calls the development a "huge leap" because it "allows you to study the interaction of cancer cells with other brain cells, layer by layer."

At this time, the team is trying to recreate similar 3D tumors for other cancers, primarily pancreas, breast, lung and melanoma.

Russian scientists have created molecular thermometers to fight cancer

Ultra-sensitive molecular thermometers for medicine created Russian-Finnish a team of scientists with the participation of specialists from the National Research Technological University of MISIS (NUST MISIS). According to the authors, the development will increase the accuracy and effectiveness of therapy for various tumors. NUST MISIS was informed about this by Zdrav.Expert on March 25, 2021. Read more here.

2020

Progress in treating laryngeal cancer with robotic surgeons

In early September 2020, researchers at Cedars-Sinai in Los Angeles presented a study that found the best long-term results were obtained in patients with early-stage oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma operated on transoral robotic systems. The researchers believe this may be due to better imaging, less need for subsequent radiotherapy and the ability to remove the tumor in one piece using minimally invasive methods. Read more here.

Varian to use ProBeam in FLASH therapy trials to treat cancer

In mid-October 2020, Varian Medical Systems launched the world's first clinical trials of FLASH therapy devices. The developers hope that the favorable test results will make it possible to universally use a new approach to radiation therapy using an ultra-high dose of radiation lasting less than a second, which allows cancer cells to be destroyed with minimal side effects. Read more here.

Peer-to-Peer Advice platform will help Russian oncologists choose a tumor treatment strategy

Roche announced the launch of the Peer-to-Peer Advice online information platform in Russia, aimed at supporting clinical decision-making in oncology. This became known on November 19, 2020. Read more here.

Oncologists of the center "Medical City" cured a patient with the fourth stage of cervical cancer

On October 14, 2020, the Department of Health of the Tyumen Region announced the cure of a patient who was diagnosed with stage four cervical cancer. Oncologists of the regional multidisciplinary center "Medical City" performed a patient with intra-arterial chemotherapy. Read more here.

Laser operations began to be done in the Krasnoyarsk Oncology Dispensary

On September 16, 2020, it became known that the first operations with laser surgery took place in the head and neck tumors department of the regional oncological dispensary in Krasnoyarsk. They are made using the SO2 Lumenis laser surgical system. Read more here.

Production of Varian Halcyon radiotherapy devices to be launched in Russia

Radiotherapy equipment factory"" (part of the GC R-Pharm"") on September 3, 2020 announced Zdrav.Expert that, under a license agreement with the company Varian Medical Systems (), it USA will launch local production radiotherapy systems Halcyon in four modifications in the first half of 2021. More. here

2018: Rostec announced the timing of the start of production of bionanorobots for the treatment of cancer

On September 10, 2018, the state corporation Rostec announced the timing of the start of serial production of bionanorobots designed to combat cancer. The corresponding statement was made at the Biotechmed forum.

According to RBC with reference to the executive director of Rostec Oleg Yevtushenko, by September 2018, the company is working on an investment project to launch the production of a "digital medicine" for the treatment of cancer by 2025.

According to Yevtushenko, the production of equipment to combat oncology and cardiovascular diseases is an important area of ​ ​ work of the state corporation.

Our holding "Roselectronics" demonstrates great success in this. Bionanorobots for molecular cell theranostics and rapid diagnostic systems in oncology are being developed and produced here. These are fundamentally new means of diagnosing and treating cancer, - said Yevtushenko, adding that these means of diagnosing and treating cancer are fundamentally new in medicine

Yevtushenko also stressed that the latest DNA-aptamer sensor systems developed by Krasnoyarsk scientists were used in ten operations to remove a brain tumor. The results of the operations showed the effectiveness of the use of new developments and their harmlessness for the body.

The availability of cancer care is one of the most painful problems in Russian health care. Despite the fact that the results of cancer treatment are steadily improving, and mortality from many of its species is decreasing, it is still high, and many people perceive this disease as a death sentence.

In the May decree in 2018 health care , the president Russia Vladimir Putin again named the fight against cancer among the priorities and set a specific goal - to reduce the death rate from it by 2024 from 197.1 cases per 100 thousand population to 185 cases, that is, by about 6%.^[9]

2016

Scientists use Microsoft Kinect camera to fight cancer

In October 2016, it became known about the creation of soft robots used to treat cancer. The developers took the Kinect camera used in Microsoft game consoles as the basis of their technology. Read more here.

Roselectronics is developing lasers to fight cancer

On October 5, 2016, Rostec announced that the Roselectronics holding, which is part of the state corporation, is developing lasers to fight cancer. The new technology will be applied not only in medicine.

We are talking about infrared lasers (2-5 microns) of quantum cascade type, which are planned to be used to improve the accuracy of diagnosis of diseases, as well as for the selective destruction of cancer tumor cells and in wound healing. Read more here.

2686 - 2345 BC: Removal of tumors in ancient Egypt

The ancient Egyptians could carry out the surgical removal of cancerous tumors more than 4.6 thousand years ago. This conclusion was reached at the end of May 2024 by scientists from the University of Cambridge, who used modern methods of digital microscopy and microcomputer tomography (CT scanning) to analyze ancient skulls.

The skull, dating from between 2686 BC and 2345 BC, which belonged to a man about 30-35 years old, showed the presence of malignant tumors. The researchers found traces of incisions around the tumors, suggesting the use of sharp metal tools to remove them. This discovery confirms the possibility of surgery to treat cancer in ancient Egypt.

Ancient Egyptians could perform surgical removal of cancerous tumors more than 4.6 thousand years ago

Dr Edgard Camaros, lead author of the study and professor of history at the University of Santiago de Compostela in Spain, stated: "This is the first time that humanity has surgically tried to cope with what we call cancer today." The scientist also noted that it remains unclear whether the incisions were made during the patient's lifetime or whether the operations were carried out posthumously for study.

Medicine in ancient Egypt, according to numerous medical texts such as the Ebers papyrus and the Kahun papyrus, was highly developed. These documents indicate a high level of medical knowledge, which included not only herbal medicine, but also surgical methods. Dr. Ibrahim Badr, Associate Professor of Antiquities Restoration and Conservation at the University of Science and Technology in Giza, Egypt, noted that the new findings confirm the advanced medical knowledge of the ancient Egyptians.

In addition, scientists studied another skull from the Duckworth Laboratory collection, dating from between 664 BC and 343 BC. This skull belonged to a woman at least 50 years old and also showed the presence of malignant tumors, but no traces of surgery were found. The woman, according to scientists, survived a serious head injury thanks to a successful medical intervention.

According to Cambridge scientists, modern technologies such as CT scanning and DNA sequencing allow researchers to gain a deeper understanding of the medical knowledge of ancient civilizations. The new findings offer promise for further study and reassessment of the history of medicine.^[10]

Notes