Russia's Foreign Trade

Main article: Russian economy

Foreign trade surplus

Main article: Russia's foreign trade surplus

Export by articles

Articles on individual export items: Russia

Technology exports

• Non-primary non-energy exports
• Russian arms exports
• Export and import of electronics in Russia
• Export of medical devices from Russia

Energy exports

• Export and import of electricity in Russia
• Export of petroleum products from Russia
• Export of naphtha
• Oil exports from Russia
• Gas export
• Coal exports from Russia
• Methanol export from Russia
• Peat production, import and export in Russia

Metal exports

• Export and import of metals in Russia

Export of food and agricultural raw materials

• Export of food and agricultural raw materials
• Export and import of dairy products in Russia
• Production, export and import of sausage products in Russia
• Export confectionery
• Export and import of alcoholic beverages in Russia
• Meat exports and imports in Russia
• Export of water and soft drinks from Russia

Other export

• Export and import of fertilizers in Russia
• Export and import of fabrics in Russia
• Export and import of medical services in Russia

Import by Article

• Car imports to Russia

Settlement currencies

Main article: International calculations of Russia

Trade between Russia and countries

Trade with China

Main article: Trade between Russia and China

Trade with India

Main article: Trade between Russia and India

Trade with Turkey

Main article: Trade between Russia and Turkey

Trade with Kazakhstan

Main article: Trade between Russia and Kazakhstan

Trade with the United States

Main article: Trade between Russia and the United States

Infrastructure

• Ports in Russia

• Northern Sea Route

• North-South (transport corridor)

• From July 2023, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan can use the new multimodal transport corridor to Russia and back bypassing Kazakhstan through the Caspian Sea.

Digitalization of foreign trade

Main article: Digitalization of foreign trade

2024

Growth in annual exports of goods to Tanzania doubled to Shs778.4 billion (about Shs ₽29 billion)

In October 2024, it became known that as part of strengthening bilateral trade relations, Russia in the 2023-2024 financial year doubled the volume of exports of goods to Tanzania. Tanzania's annual imports from Russia rose from Sh303.2 billion (over ₽11 billion) in 2021-2022 to Sh778.4 billion (about ₽29 billion) in 2022-2023, according to a Bank of Tanzania report. Read more here

The trade turnover of Russia and Italy over the year decreased by 5 times

In mid-October 2024, it became known about a sharp reduction in trade between Italy and Russia. Read more here.

Q3 Import Recovery to 2023 Level, Driven by Chinese Supply Growth

Russian imports in the third quarter of 2024 recovered to the level of 2023, which was facilitated by the growth of domestic demand, despite the fact that international sanctions create difficulties with payments, according to the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

The recovery was caused by the expansion of domestic demand, combined with the strengthening of the ruble during this period, as well as an increase in car imports, the Central Bank said. The Russian currency strengthened by 5% against the dollar compared to the previous year and by 2% compared to the second quarter of 2024.

The growth of Chinese exports to Russia more than compensates for the drop in direct exports to Russia from the West.

1 trillion rubles allocated in Russia to support exports

Within the framework of the national project "International Cooperation and Export" until 2030, more than ₽1 trillion are allocated to support exports. These funds will be used to stimulate export-oriented production and modernization of enterprises, which should significantly strengthen Russia's position in world markets. This was announced in September 2024 by the vice-president of the Russian Export Center (REC) Roman Genkel at a meeting on measures to improve the investment climate in the Southern Federal District. more here

Take-off of exports to Brazil

The EU conducts direct deliveries to Russia with an indication in the documents of Kyrgyzstan

In April 2024, exports to Russia through third countries in Central Asia continue to remain at a record level. Kyrgyzstan is a key hub for transshipment, with exports from European countries never arriving in Bishkek. Kyrgyzstan is what is indicated in the bill, but these goods go directly to Russia.

Iran purchased civilian helicopters in Russia for 20 billion rubles

Iran has signed a contract for the purchase of civilian helicopters in Russia in the amount of about 20 billion rubles. The head of the rescue and emergency assistance organization of the Red Crescent Society of Iran, Babak Makhmudi, spoke about the implementation of this agreement at the end of May 2024. Read more here.

2023

The share of imports in Russia's GDP decreased to 19.1%

At the end of 2023, the share of imports in Russia's GDP amounted to 19.1%. For comparison, in 2021, before the deterioration of the geopolitical situation, this figure was at around 20.6%. Such data are given in the materials of the Bank of Russia, published on August 10, 2024.

When assessing the dependence of the Russian Federation on imports, the Central Bank calculates two groups of indicators. In the first of them, the regulator for each industry finds the weighted average share of import consumption, and also looks at the deviation of the share of imports in consumption from a certain supplying industry from the corresponding median in the sample.

The second group of indicators is the share of imports in the final product, due to the fact that the results obtained on the indicators of the first group do not take into account a number of factors. For example, they do not take into account indirect imports, by which the Central Bank understands products produced domestically, but using imports. Within the second group, the regulator analyzes the total import (direct and indirect) of all types of products from all countries.

As the Bank of Russia notes, in 2022, against the background of the current situation, the Russian economy faced large-scale foreign trade and financial sanctions. We are talking, in particular, about restrictions on the receipt and payment of imported raw materials, materials, components. In this regard, measuring the dependence of the economy on imports of intermediate goods and services is potentially essential in assessing the depth of possible effects on GDP and the required structural adjustment of the economy to the new reality. It is said that dependence on imports can be extensive or intense. In the first case, we are talking about a high share of imports of intermediate goods used in the production of other goods, in the second - about the critical importance of individual imported intermediate goods for the production process.

The share of imports in Russia's GDP amounted to 19.1%

According to estimates, in the period from 2011 to 2021, the share of imports in GDP averaged 20.5%. However, in 2022, due to sanctions, the indicator dropped sharply, being at the level of 15.1%. At the same time, Russian President Vladimir Putin set the task of reducing the share of imports in Russian GDP to 17% by 2030. According to the head of state, the reduction in the share of imports should not be due to bans and "barrier barriers," but thanks to its own competitive production.

According to the Federal Customs Service (FCS), in 2023 imports to Russia amounted to $285.1 billion, an increase of 11.7% compared to 2022, when the figure was $255.3 billion. Sofya Donets, chief economist at T-Investments, emphasizes that, speaking of a decrease in the share of imports in the Russian economy, one cannot but note a steady decline in exports. In 2023, Russian exports decreased by 16.2% and amounted to $710.2 billion against $847.8 billion in 2022.^[1]

The volume of non-oil trade between the UAE and Russia over 5 years has grown 4 times and exceeded $11 billion

The volume of non-oil trade between the UAE and Russia over 5 years has grown 4 times and exceeded $11 billion at the end of 2023. This was stated by UAE President Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan at the talks by Russian President Vladimir Putin on October 21, 2024. Read more here.

Trade turnover with Malaysia for the year reached $3.11 billion

In September 2024, it became known that the trade turnover between Russia and Malaysia in 2023 increased to $3.11 billion, despite the difficult global economic situation. Bilateral trade has seen steady growth, underscoring the importance of trade ties between the two countries, according to the trade department of the Malaysian Embassy in Moscow. Read more here

Trade turnover with Azerbaijan grew by 17.5% over the year and reached $4.3 billion

Trade turnover between Azerbaijan and Russia in 2023 increased by 17.5%, reaching $4.3 billion. This is evidenced by the data of the State Customs Committee of Azerbaijan, which TAdviser got acquainted with at the end of August 2024. Read more here

Trade between Russia and Myanmar has grown 2.7 times over the year

At the end of 2023, trade between Russia and Myanmar reached approximately $200 million. This is 2.7 times more than in the previous year. Such data in mid-February 2024 were disclosed by Freedom Finance Global analysts. Read more here

Trade between Russia and Indonesia reached $4 billion over the year

The trade turnover between Russia and Indonesia at the end of 2023 amounted to about $4 billion. This information at the end of July 2024 was announced during negotiations between representatives of the two countries held within the framework of the Intergovernmental Russian-Indonesian Commission on Trade, Economic and Technical Cooperation. Read more here

Russia took second place in the foreign trade turnover of Kyrgyzstan

Russia took second place in the foreign trade turnover of Kyrgyzstan with a share of 18.7% at the end of 2023. Deputy Minister of Economic Development of Russia Dmitry Volvach spoke about this at a plenary meeting of the Intergovernmental Russian-Kyrgyz Commission on Trade, Economic, Scientific, Technical and Humanitarian Cooperation and the XI Russian-Kyrgyz Interregional Conference in July 2024. Read more here.

Trade turnover of Russia and Turkmenistan for the year increased by 13%

At the end of 2023, the mutual trade between Russia and Turkmenistan in physical terms reached 678 million tons. This is 13% more than the previous year. Such data in mid-June 2024 was published by the Russian government. Read more here.

Annual trade turnover between Russia and Kyrgyzstan has decreased

Annual trade turnover between Russia and Kyrgyzstan has decreased. In 2023, trade between the two countries totaled $2.9 billion, down 19% from 2022. These data were provided by the National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyzstan in April 2024. Read more here.

Trade turnover between Russia and Vietnam for the year increased by 8%

The trade turnover between Russia Vietnam and in 2023 increased by 8%, demonstrating the positive dynamics of the development of economic relations between the countries. This was announced on June 19, 2024 by the president Russia Vladimir Putin in an article for the central body of the Communist Party of Vietnam "Niang Zan" on the eve of his visit to Hanoi. More. here

In Russia, the number of exporters among small and medium-sized businesses increased by 60%

In 2023, relative to 2020, the number of exporters in Russia among small and medium-sized businesses increased by 60%, to 83 thousand. Such data at the end of February 2024 were provided by the Director General of the Russian Export Center Veronika Nikishina. Read more here.

Trade between Russia and Afghanistan has grown 3 times since the withdrawal of US troops

In 2023, the volume of mutual trade between the Russian Federation and Afghanistan amounted to about $560 million, Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Alexei Overchuk said in mid-May 2024. Read more here.

Annual trade turnover of Georgia and Russia decreased

The trade turnover of Georgia and Russia in 2023 decreased by 3% compared to the previous year and amounted to $2.5 billion. This is evidenced by the data of the National Statistics Service of Georgia, released in January 2024. Read more here.

Trade turnover of Russia and Japan for the fiscal year decreased by 42%

The trade turnover of Russia and Japan for the fiscal year 2023, which ended on March 31, 2024, decreased by a little more than 42% and amounted to 1.3 trillion yen ($8.4 billion at the rate at the time of publication of the material - April 17, 2024). Read more here.

Trade turnover of Russia and Iran for the year decreased by 17.3%

The trade turnover of Russia and Iran in 2023 decreased by 17.3% compared to 2022 and amounted to about $4 billion. This was announced at the end of February 2024 by Deputy Prime Minister Alexander Novak at a meeting of the intergovernmental commission on trade and economic cooperation. Read more here.

Russia increased annual exports of valuable wood species

In 2023, Russia increased by 2.5% the supply of valuable wood species abroad. At the same time, in comparison with 2022, when the export of such wood increased by 8.7%, the dynamics slowed down significantly. This is evidenced by the data of Roslesinforg, published on April 11, 2024. Read more here.

Russia's trade with BRICS sets a new record

At the end of 2023, the trade turnover of the Russian Federation with the BRICS countries reached a record $294 billion, which is 41.4% of the total volume of Russian foreign trade. Compared to 2019-2020. the volume of trade increased 2.4 times, said on April 2, 2024, the President of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry (CCI) of the Russian Federation, Chairman of the BRICS Business Council in 2024 Sergey Katyrin. Read more here.

The share of exports of goods and services in the structure of Russia's GDP dropped to a record low of 23.3%

At the end of 2023, the share of exports of goods and services in the structure of the Russian economy turned out to be a record low since the mid-1990s - 23.3%. This is stated in the materials Rosstat that were released in early April 2024.

According to RBC, referring to the available data, in 2022, exports provided 27.7% of GDP using the income method. The average share in 2011-2022 is 27.5%. According to the Bank of Russia, in 2023, exports of goods and services amounted to $465.4 billion - 27% less than in 2022. Of these, the export of goods accounted for $424 billion.

The share of exports of goods and services in the structure of the Russian economy turned out to be a record low since the mid-1990s

Net exports (the difference between exports and imports, is directly a component of the GDP formula) due to the partial recovery of imports amounted to 4.3% in the GDP structure - this, as RBC notes, is the lowest value since 1997. In 2023, imports recovered from 15% in 2022 (historical minimum) to 19%, although in 2011-2021 they consistently exceeded 20%.

Nominal GDP in 2023 amounted to 171,041 billion rubles. The index of its physical volume relative to 2022 is 103.6%, the deflator index is 106.3%. The growth of the physical volume of GDP was due to an increase in domestic final demand (+ 9.1%) while reducing net exports. Spending on final consumption as a whole increased by 5.4% mainly due to household spending (+ 6.1%), spending on the public administration sector increased by 3.6%, non-profit organizations serving households - by 1.8%.

The Rosstat data also note that the structure of the main components of GDP in 2023 relative to 2022 shifted towards an increase in the share of domestic final demand: spending on final consumption - from 64.9% to 68.7%, gross accumulation - from 22.5% to 27.0%. The share of net exports decreased from 12.6% to 4.3%.^[2]

The growth of imports of equipment for milk production doubled to 8.7 billion rubles

In 2023, the volume of imports of equipment for milk production to Russia reached approximately 8.7 billion rubles. This is more than twice the result for 2022, when the figure was 3.8 billion rubles. Such data in mid-March 2024 was published by the Association of Manufacturers of Specialized Equipment "Rosspetsmash." Read more here.

54% of Georgian exports of mineral and spring waters for the year fell on Russia

In 2023, 112 tons of mineral and spring waters worth $62 million were delivered to Russia from Georgia, which corresponds to more than half (54%) of the export of such products from Georgia. This is evidenced by data from the National Statistics Service (Geostat). Read more here.

Belarus in 2 years increased exports to Russia by $8.5 billion to $25 billion

At the end of 2023, the volume of Belarusian exports to Russia reached $25 billion, which is a record figure. Growth compared to the previous year was recorded at 9.1%. At the same time, over the course of two years (2022-2023), Belarus increased exports to the Russian Federation by $8.5 billion. Such figures were announced on February 13, 2024 by the Embassy of Belarus in Russia.

Asia's share in Russian exports exceeded 70%

According to the results of 2023, Asian countries were the main trading partners of Russia: their share in trade increased and amounted to almost 70%. This is evidenced by the data of the Federal Customs Service (FCS), released in February 2023.

Russian exports to Asia in 2023 reached $306.6 billion (+ 5.6%), imports from there - $187.5 billion (+ 29.2%). Europe's share fell to 23%. Mainly due to a reduction in Russian exports there - by 68%.

According to the results of 2023, Asian countries are Russia's main trading partners

The rest of Russia's exports in 2023 fell on African countries ($21.2 billion, an increase of 43%) and North and South America ($12.2 billion, a fall of 40%).

Imports in 2023 increased by 11.7%, to $285.1 billion. The increase in imports was due to an increase in the volume of imports of goods from Asia by 29.2%, to $187.5 billion. Of these, $111 billion comes from imports from China. The import of goods from Europe decreased by 12.3%, to $78.5 billion, from America - by 11%, to $15 billion. Imports from African countries increased by 8.6%, to $3.4 billion.

The FCS also cited statistics on commodity groups. The main export positions (61% of the total volume in 2023) are Mineral Products (including oil). The volume of supplies in this category fell in 2023 by 33.6% - to $260.1 billion. Exports decreased for all other groups of goods, with the exception of food and agricultural - here the growth was 4.3%, to $43.1 billion. Imports, on the other hand, "pulled out" primarily its main category (51% of the total volume) - mechanical engineering products, the import of which increased by 24.1%, to $145.8 billion.

All Russian exports in 2023 reached $425.1 billion, down 28.3% from the previous year. This decline was due to a collapse in the volume of supplies to European countries, and the reorientation of exports to the east could not compensate for the decline.^[3]

Trade turnover between Russia and Canada - $83 million

Trade between Russia and Canada in January-November 2023 amounted to $83 million, while in 2021 the figure was measured at $2.2 billion. The Ambassador of the Russian Federation to Ottawa Oleg Stepanov cited such data in February 2024. Read more here.

Trade with Tajikistan updated the record - $1.71 billion

Trade between Russia and Tajikistan in 2023 increased by 2.7% compared to 2022 and exceeded $1.71 billion. The recorded volume turned out to be a record, according to the press service of the Russian trade representative office in Dushanbe at the end of January 2024.

In the structure of Russian exports to Tajikistan, mineral products accounted for 40.1%. In addition to the oil industry, traditional goods supplied from the Russian Federation were food, chemical products, wood and products from it, ferrous metals and machine-technical products.

Trade turnover between Russia and Tajikistan in 2023 increased by 2.7%

In 2023, 71 Russian entities supported trade relations with Tajikistan. Thus, the leaders in export are Moscow, St. Petersburg, Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, Moscow, Samara and Sverdlovsk regions, as well as the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Tatarstan and Bashkiria, and in import - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Ivanovo, Moscow, Sverdlovsk, Tula regions and Altai Territory.

Russia in 2023 remained in first place among foreign economic partners Tajikistan with a share of 20.6%. In physical terms, trade between the countries in 2023 increased by 12.6% compared to 2022 and reached 1.32 million tons. Supplies of goods Russia to Tajikistan last year amounted to $134.7 million (an increase of 52.7%), and their total weight - 55.9 thousand tons (an increase of 34.2%). Russian market participants purchased food and agricultural raw materials, chemical products, cotton and cotton yarn in the republic.

Earlier in 2023, Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin noted that Moscow and Dushanbe are strengthening cooperation in health care, education, tourism, mining and metallurgical industries, and are also planning to launch joint ventures.^[4]

Russia increased annual imports of polyethylene and polypropylene

In 2023, Russian companies imported 1 million large-tonnage polymers, which is 12% more than a year earlier. Such data in the analytical publishing house Plastinfo was published on January 23, 2024. Read more here.

Japan's exports to Russia decreased by 34.5% to 395.5 billion yen

Trade between Russia and Japan in 2023 decreased by 45.3% compared to 2022 and amounted to 1.43 trillion yen, or $9.6 billion at the exchange rate at the time of publication of the material (January 24, 2024).

As reported TASS with reference to its own calculations based on statistics from Japan Russia the Ministry of Finance, imports from Japan in 2023 decreased by 47.2%, to 1.04 trillion yen. Exports from Japan to, in Russia turn, decreased by 34.5%, to 395.5 billion yen.

In particular, at the end of 2023, Japan reduced imports of Russian oil by 94.8%, coal - by 70.2%, and liquefied natural gas (LNG) - by 10.7%. Japan imported oil from Russia only in January and February 2023, after which purchases of this type of raw material ceased.

At the same time, Japan at the end of the 2023 calendar year increased grain imports from Russia by 381.8%. The growth was also marked by the export from Japan to Russia of medical goods and products: in this position, an increase of 418.8% was recorded on an annualized basis.

At the end of 2023, Japan reduced the export of passenger cars to Russia by 3.7%, trucks and buses - by 42.7%, while increasing the export of motorcycles to the Russian Federation by 5.4%. Deliveries of Japanese cars to the Russian Federation decreased slightly, despite the restrictions imposed by Tokyo prohibiting the export to the Russian Federation of gasoline and diesel cars with engines of more than 1.9 liters and hybrid cars.

TASS also draws a drop in Japan's exports to Russia for the following items: fruits (-96.7%), vegetables (-48.9%), medical products (-75.6%), iron (-42.4%), non-ferrous metals (-64.8%). Imports of Russian fish and fish products in 2023 sank by 16.4% compared to the indicators of 2022 calendar year. The export of audio and video equipment in 2023 decreased by 32.3%.^[5]

Export growth to African countries by 43% to $19.8 billion. Africa's share of Russian exports doubled to almost 5%

In 2023, Africa bypassed North and South America as a destination for Russian exports of goods. The share of the countries of the African continent doubled - from 2.5% in 2022 to almost 5% at the end of 2023, and the share of the macroregion of America dropped from 3.5% to 2.9%, follows from the data of the Federal Customs Service (FCS) for April 2024.

According to the FCS, in 2023, Russian exports to Africa in value terms increased by 43%, to $21.2 billion, and exports to the American region decreased by 40% - $12.2 billion.

As for imports, from Africa to the Russian Federation it reached $3 billion at the end of 2023, which also exceeds the figure one year ago ($2.8 billion). This is evidenced by the data of the Federal Customs Service (FCS) of Russia, published in mid-January 2024.

The trade turnover of Russia with African countries increased by 37% in 2023 and amounted to $24.5 billion.

This was announced in March 2024 by Pavel Kalmychek, Director of the Department for the Development of Bilateral Cooperation of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation, during a meeting of the Expert Council on Development and Support for Comprehensive Partnership with African Countries.

Exports grew in traditional commodity groups: they supplied oil, wheat, and various metals. In turn, mainly fruits, nuts, cocoa were imported from African countries.

"We are interested in diversifying our supply. The basket from African countries can also be expanded with other goods, "said Pavel Kalmychek.

As the chairman of the board of the Union of Grain Exporters Eduard Zernin said, in total, about 17.5 million tons of grain were exported to Africa in the 2022/23 agricultural season. Russia exported about 17.5 million tons of grain, of which 16.5 million were wheat. This is 63% more than the previous season.

The countries of Islamic North Africa, part of the MENA region, are large buyers of grain in the global market and, with rare exceptions, are consistently among our largest importers. The exception is Morocco and Tunisia, Zernin stressed.

Africa first of all sees in Russia a promising trading partner capable of guaranteeing the food and energy security of the continent, as well as that Russia will be interested in becoming an investor, a donor of competencies and technologies and, in general, a long-term and reliable partner on the path of development, said Andrey Maslov, director of the Center for the Study of Africa at the Higher School of Economics, author of the study. He stressed that today Russia has trade relations with all countries of the continent (in 2021, Russia first supplied goods to all 54 countries in Africa, while in 2012 - to 43).

Trade with Africa allows diversifying the geographical structure of Russian exports, but by 2023 the volume of trade with the continent remains below potential, said Yaroslav Lisovolik, founder of BRICS + Analytics, a member of the Russian International Affairs Council^[6]

Russia for the first time entered the top five largest suppliers of goods to Brazil

At the end of 2023, Russia for the first time entered the top five largest exporters of goods to Brazil, increasing supplies to this country by 27% on an annualized basis. This is stated in the study, the results of which were published on January 14, 2024. Read more here.

Trade between Russia and Egypt grew by 25% and exceeded $7 billion

The trade turnover of Russia and Egypt in 2023 increased by 25% compared to 2022 and exceeded $7 billion. This was announced on December 31, 2023 by the trade representative of the Russian Federation in Egypt Alexei Tevanyan.

In 2023, there is a preservation of the positive dynamics of mutual trade, especially Russian exports to Egypt, he said in a conversation with RIA Novosti, adding that Russia hopes to maintain the trend in the future.

According to Tevanyan, Egyptian companies are interested in switching to settlements in national currencies amid the fact that "in the past few years, dollars and euros in Egypt have become scarce, which periodically causes problems with payment for already delivered goods."

Earlier in December 2023, Alexei Tevanyan, speaking at the opening ceremony in Cairo of the Russian pavilion Made in Russia at the international exhibition of food and drinks, noted that the growth of trade, despite all the difficulties in both Russia and Egypt, is the main evidence that bilateral relations are developing, and Russian goods are entering the Egyptian market.

According to the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation. which were unveiled at the end of September 2023, Egypt was among the five largest trading partners of Russia among African states. In January-August 2023, the volume of trade turnover of Russia with the countries of the continent, including Egypt, amounted to $15.5 billion, an increase of 43.5% compared to the same period in 2022, according to the materials of the Ministry of Economic Development.

They also cite the words of the head of the ministry, Maxim Reshetnikov. He pointed out that African countries have a "rich resource base," but there are no production technologies. We need Russian technologies for the development of deposits and mining, the minister said.^[7] 

Ministry of Finance: Asia accounts for 60% of Russian exports

On December 18, 2023, Russian Finance Minister Anton Siluanov, at a meeting with his Chinese counterpart Lan Foan, said that Asia accounts for about 60% of Russian exports, which is twice as much as "some time ago."

The Russian Federation is now at the stage of reorienting foreign trade flows, primarily to our closest, friendly countries, primarily the People's Republic of China, - said the head of the Russian Ministry of Finance.

According to him, in January-November 2023, the trade turnover between the PRC and Russia exceeded $200 billion, and according to the results of the first half of the year, the figure increased by 78.1% and exceeded $52.28 billion.

Imports of goods from China have also significantly increased into our country, which is extremely important for us, Siluanov said.

Analysts of the Main Customs Administration of the PRC announced an increase in trade between Russia and China at the beginning of November 2023. Then the experts of the department reported an increase in the volume of bilateral trade to $196.48 billion in monetary terms.

On December 14, 2023, during a direct line and the final press conference, Russian President Vladimir Putin spoke about productive cooperation with China, especially after the visit of President Xi Jinping in March, whom the head of state called "a friend of our country." In particular, then a document was adopted on the development plan for key areas of Russian-Chinese economic cooperation until 2030.

RUSSIAN FOREIGN MINISTRY Andrey Rudenko The deputy head in charge of the Asian direction, summing up the results of 2023, in an interview with "" To Interfax noted that Russia's turn towards is of Asia a long-term strategic nature. Russia is already in 4th place in the country list of the PRC's main trading partners, Rudenko said in mid-December 2023.^[8]

Germany's exports to Russia fell below the level of exports to Central Asia

Losses of the largest European companies in Russia exceeded $100 billion after the outbreak of the conflict in Ukraine

By August 2023, the largest European companies suffered direct losses of at least 100 billion euros from their activities in Russia since the outbreak of the conflict in Ukraine in February 2022 , the Financial Times wrote.

Exports for the 1st half of the year $205 billion, imports $151 billion

The export of goods from Russia in the first half of 2023 ($205.6 billion) corresponds to the volume of exports in 1P 2021 ($208.2 billion), since the comparison with last year (306.4 billion) will not be correct due to abnormal conditions for rising prices for raw materials after the outbreak of the conflict in Ukraine, exactly as since 2020 (160 billion) during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Exports for the 1P 2019 were 204.2 billion, and for the 1P 2018 - 210.4 billion. Until the pre-crisis 2011-2014 (an average of $254 billion in exports for the first half of the year), Russia has not yet reached, but when compared with the relatively stable 2018-2019 and 2021, parity is observed at this time.

In this sense, there is no terrible catastrophe. Yes, given dollar inflation, the export potential is rather closer to the weak in the macroeconomic sense of 2017, but still noticeably better than the crisis 2009, 2015-2016 or 2020.

The signal is positive, because the phase of correction of commodity prices over the past year was "digested" and it was possible to somehow build and configure logistics for alternative customers. After the first wave of sanctions in 2022, there was an assumption that in mid-2023 exports would be at the level of the worst episodes of 2009, 2016 and 2020, but not - on average, 35-40% higher.

Yes, the indicators are weak, but not critically weak. There is a resource for survival.

Things are much better with imports. In the first half of 2023, imports of goods to Russia amounted to 151.2 billion (+ 19.4% YoY), and in comparison with 2021 (140.6 billion) an increase of 8% and above 2019 (117.3 billion) by 29% and corresponds to the average import of 2011-2014 for the first half of the year (153.8 billion).

Despite the fact that imports from Europe and Japan more than doubled, and imports from the United States and Britain were almost completely stopped, such strong indicators indicate that trade with neutral countries is more than active.

The restructuring of logistics took place very quickly, the deficit in the main positions was eliminated or partially compensated by third countries and logistics hubs.

The failure of exports with strong imports collapsed the trade balance of goods to crisis levels - 6.4 billion in June and 54.3 billion in 1P 2023, a year earlier it was 180 billion, and in 2021 - 67.6 billion.

Semiconductor imports through Armenia

Q1: High import ($73 billion) and stable exports ($101 billion)

Despite the sanctions of unfriendly countries, the trade blockade and the depreciation of the ruble at the beginning of the year, the volume of imports to Russia remains at a very high level. Exports also remain at a stable average level.

According to the specified data of the Central Bank as of May 12, imports for 1 quarter 2023 amounted to $73 billion, compared with 71.5 billion in 2022, 64.6 billion in 2021, 56 billion in 2020 and 55.5 billion in 2019.

The absolute record was in Q1 2013 - 76.6 billion, so it can be stated that the supply of goods to Russia has recovered, mainly from China, although the full geographical structure remains classified.

Exports amounted to 101.8 billion in Q1 2023, a year earlier it was 154.5 billion, in 2021 - 93.3 billion, in 2020 - 89.2 billion, in 2019 - 102.6 billion, i.e. exports are quite consistent with the pre-crisis level with the exception of the abnormal 2022.

Even from an export point of view, the almost complete loss of the European market and the embargo on Russian energy did not destroy foreign trade. In monetary terms, exports correspond to the "normal" indicators characteristic of 2017-2019.

In statistics, the volume of exports in March is surprising, which grew by 30% by February, reaching almost $40 billion (close to the maximum in the period from 2017 to 2021), while average prices for oil, gas and metals fell from February to March.

When detailed statistics are closed, one can only guess about the reasons, but such growth looks illogical and anomalous in the current configuration, Spydell Finance wrote.

The West recognizes the failure of sanctions against Russia: China replaced the supply of unfriendly countries

Chief economist at the Institute of International Finance (IIF) Robin Brooks in April 2023 confirmed the obvious fact: "All our sanctions have done is change the trade balance."

Imports of goods to Russia remained practically unchanged from 2021, because mainly China (red) made up for falling imports from the West (blue).

The main export markets of Russia I quarter 2022 - > I quarter 2023 in% of the total export value.

1. China: 14% - > 33%

2. India: 2% - > 15%

3. Turkey: 8% - > 15%

4. West: 40% - > 15%

5. South Korea: 4% - > 3%

6. Brazil: 1% - > 2%.

Record trade deficit with EU

By April 2023, foreign trade between Russia and the EU was virtually destroyed. Over the year, the supply of Russian goods to YeS-27 collapsed 5.8 times (from 23.5 to 4 billion euros). March deliveries were the lowest for the entire period of statistics since 2002 and half as low as in the worst period of the 2009 and 2016 crisis according to Eurostat.

In comparison with the worst month of the COVID-19 crisis, imports from Russia to the EU fell by 25%, and relatively average supplies in 2018-2019 fell by more than three times.

The situation with exports is slightly better - a complete blockade was not achieved and European countries delivered goods to Russia in January-March 2023 by 3.8 billion euros on average per month, and in March 4.3 billion.

For comparison, the average monthly supplies from Europe to Russia in 2021 amounted to 7.4 billion euros, and in 2018-2019 they exported 7.1 billion per month. Losses of about 40-50% of pre-crisis supplies.

As a result, from the record deficit of trade with Russia in mid-2022 (reached up to 20 billion per month), the balance of foreign trade reached a record surplus in history (so far a symbolic 271 million euros in April). Apart from the 2022 anomalies, the pre-crisis deficit was 6-7 billion euros per month.

Russia's share in EU exports collapsed to 1.8% compared to 4-4.2% in 2017-2021, and in 2008 it reached 8% on average per year.

In this sense, the window to Europe has closed, and dependence on Russia in Europe has decreased to a historical minimum - these are geopolitical realities.

Take-off of exports to Brazil

Brazil Imports from Russia in March 2023 rose 120% from the same month two years earlier.

Record EU trade decline in February

The trade deficit with Russia (i.e. Russia's surplus with YeS-27) fell in February 2023 to a symbolic 1.6 billion euros per month after setting a record of 19.6 billion in March 2022. This is a very low deficit, 4-5 times lower than "normal."

This data covers only official trade through customs zones between countries, it does not take into account gray, smuggling supplies or trade through third countries on parallel imports.

Russia's share in EU exports decreased to 1.7% compared to 4.2% from 2017 to 2021, from 6.7% in 2012-2013 and 7% in 2008. It has never been so low in trade between Russia and the EU.

In February, exports to Russia from the EU countries halved compared to February 2022 to 3.6 billion euros.

The share of China, India and Turkey in energy supplies from Russia reached 62%

Despite the sanctions of the United States and its allies and the embargo of energy resources from Russia to unfriendly countries, the value of energy exports (oil, gas and coal) shows quite strong results.

Russia supplies over $20 billion of energy exports per month to non-CIS countries (taking into account neutral countries) compared to 17-18 billion monthly supplies in 2018-2019, i.e. as of January 2023, the result is plus 10% of pre-crisis and dock-like times.

The historical maximum was recorded in March 2022 - 30 billion, but this is an anomaly, a temporary artifact, when the conditions of the super-successful conjuncture and the preservation of the volume of physical energy supplies coincided, that is, now minus 30-33% of the maximum.

Such a strong result is due to the transfer of energy flows to three leading countries (China, India and Turkey), deliveries to which increased more than three times compared to 2018-2019 in monetary terms and almost 2.5 times in comparison with 2021.

As a result, in 2019, China, India and Turkey occupied 24.5% in the structure of supplies to leading non-CIS countries, in 2020 - already 29.3%, in 2021 - 27% (largely due to the difference in the cost of gas supplies, where it is much more expensive to Europe), and in 2022 - 41.3%, while in January 2023 the share increased to a record for the entire history of 62%.

Exports to unfriendly countries collapsed three times compared to the maximum supplies in March 2022 and are at a minimum from July-October 2020.

Reducing imports from Vietnam

Western sanctions hit Vietnamese exports to Russia, causing it to fall by almost 60% to $205 million in the first two months of 2023, the VnExpress newspaper reported. Exports of iron and steel, footwear and electronics have all but ceased, while exports of agricultural products such as rice, vegetables and seafood have decreased by 20-50%. Rubber, clothing and coffee were the only goods whose exports increased.

Decline in imports from Germany in January by 60% to 1 billion euros

Imports from Germany to the Russian Federation in January 2023 were 60% lower than a year earlier and amounted to about 1 billion euros, Destatis reported.

2022

G7 countries are the main export destination, China is the largest export country

Growth of oil and gas exports to $310 billion

After the outbreak of the conflict in Ukraine, Russia stopped publishing energy export statistics. One of the mechanisms for revenue assessment is mirror trade statistics, when the countries - trading partners of Russia in official customs statistics publish the volume of imports and physical volumes, which makes it possible to calculate the correction coefficient to prices at world benchmarks, knowing the average export prices.

CREA calculations are built in this logic. Including discounts, estimated revenue for 2022:

• from oil exports amounted to $147.6 billion according to CREA estimates (in 2021 - $111 billion according to official data of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation),
• for petroleum products - $63 billion (in 2021 - $70 billion),
• for pipeline gas - $78.4 billion (in 2021 - $55.5 billion),
• for LNG - $20.6 billion (in 2021 - $7.3 billion).

As a result, oil and gas exports in 2022 could amount to $310 billion vs $244 billion in 2021.

The volume of supplies of goods from Cameroon to Russia increased by 17.5 times

The volume of supplies of goods from Cameroon to Russia increased 17.5 times in 2022. This was announced at the end of July 2023 by Russian President Vladimir Putin at a meeting with Cameroon leader Paul Biya.

We advocate the intensification of our political dialogue and the development of contacts at all levels. Bilateral trade, unfortunately, sank a little last year. Despite a certain subsidence of Russian exports, imports from Cameroon to Russia have grown, "Putin said.

He pointed out that the main thing is to ensure the sustainability of trading indicators. Ties between the Russian Federation and Cameroon are built in the spirit of mutual respect, partnership. Putin thanked his Cameroonian counterpart for deciding to personally lead his country's delegation to the summit Russia -. Biya, in turn, thanked Putin Africa for the invitation to attend the summit.

I want to thank you for the excellent organization of our work. We came because we are countries that have been in diplomatic relations for many decades. You talked about successes in our relations - we will talk about them again, "the President of Cameroon said at the beginning of the negotiations.

According to the head of the center "Agroexport" Dmitry Krasnov at the end of July 2023, in 2022 Russia supplied products AGRARIAN AND INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX to 43 African countries, the export volume amounted to almost $5 billion. The most promising to increase the supply of Russian grain, in addition to traditional buyers such as Egypt and Algeria, are Kenya, and Nigeria, Tunisia REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA he said.

The Russian Federation also supplied pork and beef to Africa. The main buyers of Russian meat were Benin (49% of the total supply), Ghana (10%), Congo (7%), Morocco (7%) and Angola (7%).

Trade turnover growth with Tajikistan by 18.3% to $1.4 billion

The trade turnover of Russia and Tajikistan in 2022 reached $1.4 billion, which is 18.3% more than a year earlier. Vladimir Padalko, Vice President of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry (CCI) of the Russian Federation, cited such data on April 13, 2023 following the results of the "contact exchange" of small and medium-sized enterprises of the two countries in Dushanbe.

As Padalko said, in 2022 Russia delivered $1.3 billion worth of products to Tajikistan, which is 19.7% more than a year ago, and imports of goods from Tajikistan to the Russian Federation increased by 3.7% and amounted to $103.3 million. It is noted that a significant share of Russian exports - about 23% - are non-resource non-energy exports. The Vice President of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry stressed that cooperation should not be limited solely to trade.

It is necessary to look for opportunities to enter the implementation of joint cooperation projects. Good opportunities for cooperation are opening up in areas such as metallurgy, construction, agriculture, light industry, mining and ore sector, digitalization and information technology, Padalko said

According to him, promising niches for interaction are available in the field of investment cooperation and industrial cooperation, including within the framework of free economic zones.

In addition, according to Padalko, the interaction of the two countries at the regional level also represents great potential. Currently, more than 100 Russian territorial chambers have partner agreements with the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Tajikistan and its regional branches.

In early March 2023, Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin said that Russia occupies one of the leading places in terms of investment in the economy of Tajikistan.

The total amount of accumulated capital investments exceeds $1.5 billion. Russian companies are actively working in the backbone sectors of the economy - in construction, power, industry, communications, financial services, - said the head of the Russian government.[9]

Russia's foreign trade turnover grew by 8.1%

At the end of 2022, Russia's foreign trade turnover amounted to $850.5 billion, an increase of 8.1% compared to 2021. This is evidenced by the data of the Federal Customs Service (FCS), which were released in March 2023.

In total, the FCS published data on the results of trade in 2022 for 71 commodity positions. Among them: food, fertilizers, metals, fertilizers, wood, transport, light industry goods, toys, precious products.

In April 2022, the Russian FCS suspended the publication of import and export data to avoid "incorrect assessments and speculation." At the same time, in March 2023, the FCS announced a partial resumption of the disclosure of customs statistics.

Subsequently, the value of exports and imports by commodity groups will be published monthly on the 40th day after the end of the reporting period on a cumulative basis and by month with the update of the data of the previous months of this year, the ministry said in a statement.

According to the FCS, in 2022 Russia increased the export of mineral fuel, oil and their distillation products, bituminous substances by 42.8% - to $383.7 billion.

The export of food products and agricultural raw materials in monetary terms increased by 14.8%, the supply of fertilizers - by 54.3%, - to $19.3 billion. Imports of fertilizers increased 2.1 times - to $351.6 million.

Total exports in 2022 increased by 19.9% compared to 2021 to $591.5 billion, and imports decreased by 11.7%, amounting to $259 billion. The sharp increase in supplies abroad in monetary terms is primarily associated with an increase in energy prices, which made it possible to sell oil, oil products and gas much more expensive than usual. The fall in imports is explained by Western sanctions imposed after the outbreak of hostilities in Ukraine. Also, a significant part of manufacturers and transport companies refused to cooperate, which complicated both the purchase and delivery of goods to Russia.^[10]

73% of Russian exports - raw materials

Which sectors of the economy represent Russian exports? 73-74% of sectors of the economy represent the raw materials segment and industries that directly serve the export of raw materials (14-16%), in accordance with the weights of sectors of the economy by OKVED2 (according to the calculations of the Central Bank) and Spydell Finance's own calculations.

Oil, petroleum products, coal and natural gas production together with services in the oil and gas segment have an estimated share of gross value added for Russian exports of goods and services of almost 55%. Accordingly, the other raw materials segment takes another 18-19%, where the largest weight among the metallurgical industries (almost 11%).

The industries serving the Russian export of raw materials are wholesale trade, where gas supplies are mainly closed (weight almost 10%), the activities of land and pipeline transport (2%), water transport (0.3%). The base of calculation 2020-2021 with extrapolation to 2022, so tanker maneuvers have not yet been reflected.

As for science-intensive industries, their export weight is only 7%.

The most significant representatives:

• Production of other vehicles (mainly defense) with a weight of 2.1%,
• Activities in the field of architecture and engineering design - 1%,
• Software development -1%,
• Consulting and management -0.7%,
• Activity of advertising agencies - 0.6%,
• Production of computers, electronic and optical products - 0.3%,
• IT activity - 0.3%,
• Telecommunications activity - 0.3%,
• Production of machinery and equipment not included in other groups - 0.2%,
• Production of electrical equipment - 0.2%
• Car production - 0.2%
• Research and development - 0.1%.

In the export of goods, the share of commodity industries is even higher - 93%.

Russia for the year increased the export of nuclear fuel and technologies by 20%

In 2022, exports of Russian nuclear products and technologies increased by 20%. This was announced in mid-February 2023 by the Royal Association of the UK Defense Research Institute. Read more here.

Export of a record 96 tons of gold from Russia to the UAE

Russia became the main source of gold for the UAE after Western countries refused to buy: according to the UN Comtrade database, in 2022 the UAE imported 96.4 tons of gold from Russia - more than any other country.

The UAE has long been one of the key hubs for the precious metals trade, especially from Africa and India, but in 2022 it was instrumental in the Russian gold trade for the first time.

Stainless steel imports to Russia in 2022 fell by 20%

The import of stainless steel metallurgical products to Russia in 2022 amounted to just over 372 thousand tons, which is 19.6% less than a year earlier. Such data in February 2023 was cited by the Spetsstal association of consumers and suppliers of special steel and alloys. Read more here.

China, Turkey and the Netherlands are Russia's main trading partners

FCS of the Russian Federation: The main trading partners of our country in 2022 were China, Turkey, the Netherlands, Germany and Belarus.

At the same time, trade with China increased by 28%, with Turkey - by 84%, with Belarus - by 10%. With the Netherlands, trade turnover decreased slightly - by 0.1%, with Germany went into minus by 23%. The share USA in the external to trade Russia in 2022 was less than 2%.

Imports fell by $25.1 billion to $345.8 billion (-9%). The volume by the end of the year returned to the level before the conflict in Ukraine

The Central Bank summed up the year: imports decreased by $25.1 billion to $345.8 billion, or 9%.

Russian customs suspended the disclosure of customs statistics, so American experts made their calculations according to the data of 100 countries - trading partners of Russia. Silverado analysts in January 2023 reported that Russian imports had almost recovered to the usual monthly average.

Growth in trade with the EU by 2.3% to 258.6 billion euros. Record for 8 years

The trade turnover of Russia and the European Union at the end of 2022 reached a maximum in 8 years. The import of goods from Russia into the EU last year increased by a quarter and reached 203.4 billion euros, which is only 230 million less than the historical high of 2012 (203.6 billion euros). At the same time, exports from the EU to Russia decreased by 38.1% - to the lowest 55.2 billion euros since 2005. However, such a decrease in Russia's import of goods directly from the EU did not prevent it from reaching the maximum level of trade turnover since 2014: it grew by 2.3% over the year - to 258.6 billion euros.

17.6% rise in EU chocolate imports to record €617m

According to the results of 2022, the export of chocolate and sweets from the European Union to Russia increased to a historic maximum of 617 million euros. The EU countries imported almost 87 thousand tons of chocolate products into Russia in 2022. In monetary terms, European exports grew by 17.6% over the year.

Trade turnover between Russia and Iran for the year increased by 20% to $4.9 billion

Trade between Russia and Iran in 2022 reached $4.6 billion, which is almost 15% higher than a year earlier. This was announced on January 23, 2023 by the speaker of the State Duma RFVcetyslav Volodin during a meeting of the commission for cooperation between the parliaments of the two countries. Read more here.

Later, in early March 2023, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation reported that by the end of 2022, trade between Russia and Iran amounted to $4.9 billion. This is 20% more than in 2021.

The share of trade by sea rose from 63% to 69%

The share of sea transportation providing foreign economic activity in 2022 increased in 2022 in the Russian Federation from 63% to 69%.

The volume of traffic on railways decreased by 4% by weight and amounted to 15%.

In 2022, the share of vehicles in the structure of foreign economic activity transportation did not change and amounted to 5% of the weight turnover.

Trade with Belarus for the first time reached $50 billion

In 2022, for the first time in history, trade between Belarus and Russia reached $50 billion.

Trade between Japan and Russia grew by 6.2%, to $19.96 billion

The trade turnover of Japan and Russia in 2022 increased by 6.2%, to 2.56 trillion yen (about $19.96 billion), despite sanctions during the conflict in Ukraine.

Trade turnover with African countries amounted to about $18 billion

The foreign trade turnover of Russia with African countries in 2022 amounted to about $18 billion.

Russia bypassed China in foreign trade of Uzbekistan after growing turnover to $9 billion

Trade Russia Uzbekistan and in 2022 it grew by a record - by almost a quarter. The turnover exceeded $9 billion, overtook by this indicator Russia. China

Growth of trade with Brazil to a record $9.8 billion

At the end of 2022, the turnover between Russia Brazil and amounted to a record 9.8 billion. dollars

Trade turnover between Russia and the UAE grew by 68% to a record $9 billion

Trade between Russia and the UAE in 2022 grew by 68% and reached a record $9 billion.

Growth of trade with Egypt by 30% to $6 billion

The trade turnover of Russia and Egypt in 2022 grew by 30% and amounted to more than $6 billion, Denis Manturov said in March 2023.

Growth of trade turnover with Romania to $5.5 billion

The Russian-Romanian trade turnover in 2022, despite Romania's accession to all anti-Russian sanctions, slightly increased, amounting to about $5.5 billion, Russian Ambassador to Bucharest Valery Kuzmin said in February 2023.

Growth of trade turnover with Armenia to $5 billion

The volume of foreign trade turnover between Russia and Armenia in 2022 for the first time exceeded $5 billion (in 2021 - $2.6 billion) - CCI of the Russian Federation.

The trade turnover between Russia Armenia and Armenia for 9 months of 2022 grew by almost 80% of the city and amounted to 3.2 billion. dollars

Growth in trade with Serbia by 53% to a record $4.28 billion

In 2022, Russia and Serbia traded for a record in history $4.28 billion in monetary terms - $1.5 billion more than in 2021 - the Serbian statistical service. The volume of trade between the two countries increased by 53%.

Record trade with Kyrgyzstan $3.4 billion

In 2022, the trade turnover of Russia and Kyrgyzstan reached a record high, amounting to $3.4 billion.

Record volume of trade with Mongolia - $2.7 billion

The volume of trade between Mongolia and Russia in 2022 amounted to $2.7 billion amid the conflict in Ukraine, which was a historical record for the two countries.

Russia came in second place among the largest trading partners of Georgia with a turnover of $2.4 billion with an increase of 52%

In 2022, Russia's share in Georgia's foreign trade amounted to 13.1%. The trade turnover of Georgia and Russia in 2022 exceeded $2.4 billion, which is 52% more than 2021, - Gruzstat.

In 2022, Georgia exported to the Russian Federation more than 73 thousand tons of natural wines (over $160 million), more than 57 thousand tons of ferroalloys worth over $108 million, more than 5.3 thousand cars (more than $75 million), more than 12 thousand tons of alcoholic beverages (more than $56 million), more than 92 thousand tons of mineral and fresh water (more than $50 million).

Reduction of imports from Canada by 10 times against the background of the conflict in Ukraine

Exports from Canada to Russia fell 91% between March and December 2022, falling from $584 million in 2021 to $52 million in 2022.

Dynamics of Russia's exports in key areas

Dynamics of Russia's imports of key trading partners. Schedules

By November 2022, trade flows to Russia were being reorganized into three main trading partners of Russia - China, India and Turkey, while imports from unfriendly countries contracted 2.2 times from 2021 and more than three times from the potential level in accordance with the volume of exports and income of economic agents in dollar terms (Bruegel).

If we take April-October 2022 for a comparison, when the action of sanctions, restrictions and "new normality" began to act in full, then the complete defeat of trade is noted in the United States and Britain.

From the United States, imports to Russia collapsed 7 times, from Britain a fall of 5 times (in fact, all financial, investment and trade operations with these countries have been stopped). From Europe, imports fell 2.2 times, a comparable drop from Japan and slightly less (twice) a decrease in imports from South Korea.

Imports from India suffered slightly - a drop of 15% from April to October, imports from China grew by 9%, and the main increase was recorded from Turkey - an increase of 66%!

In general, imports from China, India and Turkey exceeded the maximum of December 2021 and almost twice as high as imports from leading unfriendly countries, while in 2021 it was the other way around.

The degradation of trade flows from unfriendly countries has stopped since May and is stabilizing at new levels.

Investment and technological imports are of great importance, since it affects the ability to equip funds, increasing industrial potential and supporting the most important aspects of the functioning of the economy (information, financial, energy, transport and logistics security, etc.)

There are no direct supplies of transport, information, computer and telecommunications equipment from unfriendly countries - imports have zeroed.

Significantly (several times reduced) import of electrical equipment and components, mechanical engineering for commercial and industrial purposes. The main flows are now from China, because imports from India in this segment are insignificant, as well as from Turkey.

Sharp decline in tomato imports

Imports of tomatoes to Russia fell sharply at the end of 2022. Key importers in Turkey, Serbia, China, North Macedonia and Georgia have reduced supplies several times compared to 2021.

In particular, the supply of tomatoes from China in 2022 decreased by 1.4 times compared to 2021 and amounted to 28.2 thousand tons, from Turkey - more than 2 times, to 29.3 thousand tons. Imports from North Macedonia, Serbia and Georgia tripled to about 0.9 thousand tons.

Revenues from the export of Russian fertilizers for ten months increased by 70%, to $16.7 billion

Revenues from the export of Russian fertilizers for ten months of 2022 increased by 70%, to $16.7 billion - FT. The volume of supplies abroad, despite the predicted collapse, in general decreased only 10%.

The largest importers of fossil fuels from Russia

Imports of Uzbek textiles rose by almost 50% - from $820 million to $1.2 billion

For 11 months of 2022, the export of Uzbek textiles to Russia grew by almost 50% - from $820 million to $1.2 billion. Russia's share in the total export of textiles increased over the year from 30% to 41%.

German import crash

According to DeStatis, the export of goods from Germany to Russia in November 2022 amounted to 1.2 billion euros, which is 52.4% less than a year ago (2.6 billion euros).

Earlier in March 2022, German exports to Russia fell to the lowest level in almost 20 years.

Sales to Russia fell 63% to about 860 million euros ($905 million) in March "due to sanctions, measures to restrict exports and unauthorized behavior of market participants" amid Russia's special operation in Ukraine.

Total exports fell Germany 3.3% from the previous month.

The volume of German exports for April amounted to 6.6 billion euros, down 22.6%, according to data published by the Federal Statistical Office (Destatis).

Russia becomes India's biggest fertilizer supplier for first time, overtaking China

As of November 2022, Russia for the first time became the largest supplier of fertilizers to India, overtaking China, the share in the Indian market grew to 21%. India increased imports of fertilizers from the Russian Federation by 371% from April 1, 2022. Fertilizers are supplied to India at a discount.

Trade turnover with Tajikistan grew by 34% to $1.5 billion

The Russian-Tajik trade turnover for eleven months of 2022 amounted to more than 1.5 billion, the dollars growth of 34% of the year Russia still holds the first place among trading partners. Tajikistan

Trade turnover between Russia and Iran exceeded $4 billion in 10 months

The trade turnover of Russia and Iran in 10 months exceeded a record $4 billion. For comparison, for the entire 2021, the volume of trade between the countries was below this mark. At the same time, exports of products increased by 27%, and imports - by 10%.

More than 40% of the trade between Russia and Iran is carried out in rubles, the Russian currency may become the main one in bilateral trade relations, said Iranian Ambassador to Moscow Kazem Jalali in December 2022.

Trade between Russia and Iran from January to July amounted to $2.7 billion and increased by 42% compared to the same period last year.

Foreign trade in the North-West of Russia decreased by 45% in 10 months

The North-West of Russia is the most affected by the imposition of sanctions restrictions by the country's region in the field of foreign trade. Trade turnover here decreased by about 45% compared to last year, Ruslan Davydov (FCS) said in early November 2022.

Export decline in the 3rd quarter to $152 billion, imports - by 13%

In Russia, after a record export of goods and services in Q1 2022 (168.1 billion), for three quarters in a row, exports have been declining (163.2 billion in Q2 2022, 152 billion in Q3 2022) according to a_71396 final data from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

According to preliminary calculations, exports in Q4 2022 amounted to 135 billion and this is the first year-on-year decline since 2020 (171 billion in Q4 2021 and minus 20%).

As for imports, there are no significant losses, because there is active compensation from China. From January to September 2022, imports to Russia fell by only 9% YoY, and in Q3 2022, a decrease of 13% YoY.

Usually imports account for 75% of exports to Russia, after the outbreak of the conflict in Ukraine they became 50%, i.e. the effect of sanctions is 25% of exports (155 billion per year).

Decline in imports from Thailand by 40% due to shortages of ships and containers after the imposition of sanctions by the United States and its allies

Imports from Thailand to Russia in the first 10 months of 2022 decreased by 40.31%, amounting to $495 million. The main reason for the reduction in supplies is the lack of ships and containers due to the restrictive measures introduced by Western countries.

Rising trade with Brazil

In 2021, the level of trade between the Russian Federation and Brazil became a record and amounted to $7.5 billion. According to the results of 9 months of 2022, trade, according to Brazilian statistics, has already amounted to $7.2 billion.

Growth of imports from Uzbekistan by 20.3% to $4.4 billion in 9 months

The volume of supplies of products and services to Russia from Uzbekistan for 9 months of 2022 increased by 20.3% and reached $4.4 billion. Uzbekistan mainly supplies textiles and fruits and vegetables to Russia.

The rise of trade with Mongolia by 47% in 9 months

In 2021, trade between the Russian Federation and Mongolia amounted to $1.8 billion, which is 31% more than in 2020. And in January - September of this year, the indicator increased by almost 47% in annual terms.

Trade turnover of Georgia and Russia for 9 months increased by 50% to $1.7 billion

The trade turnover of Georgia and Russia for 9 months of 2022 amounted to more than $1.7 billion, which is 50% more than the same period in 2021. Russia is in second place among Georgia's largest trading partners after Turkey. In January-September, its share in the volume of foreign trade in Georgia amounted to 12.6%.

In January - September, Georgia exported to the Russian Federation more than 44 thousand tons of natural wines (over $109 million), more than 54 thousand tons of ferroalloys worth over $105 million, more than 3.2 thousand cars (more than $45.7 million), more than 7.6 thousand tons of alcoholic beverages (more than $40 million), over 63 thousand tons of mineral and fresh water (about $35 million).

Contrary to Western sanctions, Georgian exports grew by 11%, and imports into the country from Russia increased by 160%. Georgia actively purchases Russian gas and oil products, coal coke, flour and grain.

Imports of light industry goods from Belarus for $1.1 billion in 9 months

Belarus delivered $1.1 billion to the Russian market for light industry goods in January-September 2022.

Trade turnover of Russia and Argentina for 9 months decreased by 30% to $711 million

The trade turnover of Russia and Argentina in January-September decreased by 30% to $711 million. Russian exports decreased by 45.2% - to $178.8 million, imports by 22.8% - to $532.2 million - Russian Ambassador to Buenos Aires Dmitry Feoktistov.

Reduction in imports from Finland for 8 months by 29% to 1.55 billion euros

According to Finnish customs, in August 2022, exports of goods to Russia collapsed by 70% compared to the same month last year, to 81.7 million euros. For 8 months, exports to the Russian Federation decreased by 29.5% to 1.55 billion euros. In the structure of exports to Russia in minus, almost all categories of goods failed - especially pulp, paper, cardboard and products from them, the export of which fell by 99% in August. The only position in which exports to Russia increased, and by 50% year-on-year, was copper matte.

Germany's exports to Russia collapsed by 40% in 9 months

Germany's exports to Russia, according to the final estimate, in August 2022 compared to the same period last year decreased by 45.8% - to 1.2 billion euros - Destatis.

From January to September, German exports to Russia in value terms amounted to 11.6 billion euros, which is 40.9% less than in the same period in 2021.

Growth of imports from the EAEU countries by 32% to $22.8 billion in 9 months

Against the background of sanctions imposed by Western countries after the outbreak of the conflict in Ukraine, Russia is increasing trade with the countries of the post-Soviet space. For example, the EAEU bloc (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia), in March - June 2022 (the period after the start of the conflict) shipped goods worth over $9.4 billion to Russia - 15% more than in the same months of 2021, follows from RBC calculations.

In January-August 2022, the volume of exports from Armenia to Russia increased by 2 times.

Russian imports from the EAEU countries for 9 months of 2022 increased by 32% and amounted to $22.8 billion.

Russian-Serbian trade grew by 56% to $2.4 billion in the first 7 months

The Russian-Serbian trade turnover from January to July 2022 amounted to $2.4 billion, an increase of 56.94% compared to last year.

South Korean imports cut 36% in first 7 months

Main article: South Korea's Foreign Trade

According to statistics from the South Korean Customs Service, the supply of South Korean goods to Russia decreased by 36% in January-July 2022. Exports to Russia amounted to $3.5 billion, with last year's level of $5.5 billion.

Strong growth in trade with Asia in the 1st half of the year

HSE experts noted trends to trade Russia in the key economies of the Asia-Pacific region for the first 6 months of 2022:

• Trade with Japan increased by 31% ($10.01 billion against $7.62 billion). Imports from Japan fell to $2.12 billion (a 30% drop).

• Trade with South Korea also showed growth, but the drop in imports was 36%.

• Trade with Australia rose 67%.

• With India - by 167%.

• Trade with China grew by almost a third (from $63.43 billion to $80.92 billion), imports showed positive dynamics.

43% decline in imports from Portugal

According to INE, in the first half of 2022, amid the conflict on, there was a To Ukraine noticeable decrease in the export of Portuguese goods in. Russia It amounted to just under 47.5 million euros, or almost 43% less than the first half of 2021.

Six EU countries have restored trade with Russia to February levels. Imports from the EU in 6 months decreased by 31%

In June 2022, imports and exports increased Bulgaria, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Slovenia, Croatia and Estonia, follows from the agency's calculations. RBC wrote that in June exports from the EU to Russia increased by 18% compared to May.

In general, in the first half of the year, exports of goods from the EU to Russia decreased by 31% - to 28.4 billion euros from 41.1 billion a year earlier.

97% cut in exports to Britain in June

In June 2022, Britain imported goods and services worth £33m from Russia, which is about 97% less than the average a year earlier - at least on record since January 1997 - ONS.

In June, Britain also for the first time in history did not import fuel from Russia, as the government achieved its goal - to gradually abandon all purchases of natural gas and oil from the Russian Federation.

Take-off imports from Switzerland

Exports from Switzerland to Russia in May and June 2022 experienced a real boom.

The rise of exports to Germany to a record since 2014

By early June 2022, German imports from Russia had reached their highest level since 2014 due to higher energy prices.

Eurostat: Germany remains the largest European exporter to Russia (€1.16 billion in June plus 5.4% compared to May), Italy is in 2nd place (€532 million plus 2.9%).

Russia until the end of the year limited the export of inert gases

Russia restricts supplies to foreign markets of neon, argon, helium and other inert gases. This became known on June 1, 2022.

These gases are used to produce semiconductors from which microcircuits are made. Microcircuits are needed for electronics in many types of products: for the manufacture of gadgets, cars, navigation systems, etc.

30% of the world's neon consumption provides. Russia Now its export will be available only by decision. Governments of Russia For those who introduced sanctions against the Russian Federation countries them and their microelectronic factories, this, according to experts, can be very sensitive.

The decision made actually means that Russia will supply inert gases abroad only in exchange for counter supplies of the necessary microelectronic products to Russia^[11][12].

Switzerland resumed gold purchases in Russia

Main article: Investment in gold

In May 2022, Switzerland first imported gold from Russia after the outbreak of the conflict in Ukraine, which indicates a possible softening of the industry's position in relation to the precious metals of this country.

According to the Federal Customs Administration, Switzerland more than 3 tons of gold were delivered to Switzerland from Russia in May. Deliveries account for about 2% of gold imports to the key refining hub in May. Switzerland is home to four large refineries that collectively process two-thirds of the world's gold.

Imports to Russia fell 89%

In mid-May 2022, imports to Russia fell 89% to the level of mid-February.

According to the Central Bank, in 2021 imports to Russia amounted to ~ $380 billion. The 89% drop corresponds to a reduction in imports by $338 billion or ~ $1.35 billion per trading day.

Sharp growth in exports amid lower imports due to sanctions from unfriendly countries

In March 2022, exports from the United States to Russia fell five times compared to February. April statistics showed its further fall and the collapse of US-Russian trade. The import of goods from the United States to Russia in value terms amounted to $89.1 million against $101.1 million in March, which is a new minimum for the month since at least 2002. Shipments of cars, boats, agricultural vehicles were practically reset.

Take-off of exports to Germany by 60% in the first 4 months

In the first four months of 2022, Germany's imports from Russia amounted to 15.8 billion euros, which is 59.9% more compared to the same period in 2021.

2021

10 largest trading partners in Russia

The main trading partners of Russia in 2021 among non-CIS countries were:

• China, trade with which amounted to $140.7 billion (135.2% by 2020);
• Germany - $57 billion (135.7%);
• Netherlands - $46.4 billion (162.6%);
• US - $34.4 billion (143.6%);
• Turkey - $33 billion (157%);
• Italy - $31.4 billion (154.7%);
• South Korea - $29.9 billion (152.2%);
• Britain - $26.7 billion (3.4%);
• Poland - $22.5 billion (156.2%);
• France - $22 billion (172.8%).

The volume of trade between the EU and Russia in 2021 was the highest in border states.

The largest importing countries to Russia

Food imports

In 2021, Russia reduced imports of eggs in physical terms by 6.6% compared to the level of 2020, to 640.3 million pieces. In value terms, the indicator, on the contrary, increased by 20.4% compared to the level of the previous year and amounted to 38.3 million US dollars.

The leader in the supply of edible eggs to Russia is Belarus, its share accounted for 94.2% of value imports, or $36 million. Another 5.7% accounted for products from Kazakhstan, insignificant volumes were also imported from Kyrgyzstan and Armenia.

Structure of Russian exports to EU and US countries

The volume of trade with France increased by 46% to $22 billion, which is higher than the pre-sanction level

in France 2021, the volume of Russia trade increased from above the level (+ 46.7%, to almost 22 billion) dollars , which countries had before the imposition of sanctions against the Russian Federation. She made it the first and so far the only one of the top ten trading partners Russia in the EU. Moreover, the increase in trade turnover occurred to a greater extent due to the growth of imports of goods in. Russia

Trade turnover growth with Iran by 81% to $4 billion

At the end of 2021, trade turnover between Russia and Iran grew by 81% and reached its maximum level in recent years - almost $4 billion, said Russian Deputy Prime Minister Alexander Novak.

£5.2bn worth of fuel exports to Britain

Growth in trade with the UAE to $5.4 billion

In 2020, the trade turnover of Russia and the UAE reached $3.3 billion, in 2021 - $5.4 billion. Good performance in trade between the two countries is largely due to the economic favorability regime. Official Dubai has long lifted all quantitative export restrictions, and also does not apply any anti-dumping measures against Russian products.

The trade turnover of Russia with the UAE in the first half of 2021 amounted to $2.53 billion, an increase of 79% compared to the same period in 2020. Russia's imports from the UAE amounted to $172.456 million, an increase of 43.46% compared to the same period in 2020.

Reduction in January of imports of food products and raw materials from non-CIS countries by 11.2% - to $1.656 billion

Russia in January 2021 reduced imports of food products and raw materials for their production from non-CIS countries by 11.2% - to $1.656 billion compared to $1.864 billion in January 2020 - FCS.

2020

Largest commodity groups in imports: equipment and electrical machines

Commodity groups made up the largest value of imported purchases by Russia in 2020.

1. Hardware, including computers: $43.1 billion (18.6% of total imports)

2. Electric machines: $30.2bn (13%)

3. Vehicles: $18.4 billion (7.9%)

4. Pharmaceuticals: $10.8 billion (4.7%)

5. Plastic, plastic products: $9.3 billion (4%)

6. Optical, technical and medical equipment: $8.1 billion (3.5%)

7. Iron and steel products: $5.6 billion (2.4%)

8. Fruit, nuts: $5.3 billion (2.3%)

9. Organic chemicals: $4.6 billion (2%)

10. Clothing, accessories: $3.9 billion (1.7%).

The 10 largest imported goods of Russia accounted for about three fifths (60.1%) of the total cost of purchases of the Russian Federation from other countries.

Optical, technical and medical equipment represents the fastest growing category of Russian imports, increasing by 11.2% from 2019 to 2020.

Among the 10 main categories of Russian imports, the leading positions decreased compared to 2019:

• products made of cast iron or steel (-13.7%),
• cars (-22.5%) and
• pharmaceutical preparations (-23.2%).

Rising imports from Turkey and China, crashing imports from Ukraine and the EU

In 2020, Russia purchased goods in Europe 44.8% of its total imports in value terms. Imports from Asia accounted for 44.3% of Russia's purchases, and 6.5% from North America, including Mexico. From South America, imports accounted for 2.7% of total purchases.

Imports to Russia from Turkey in 2020 - $5.11 billion (an increase of 2.7%).

Imports to the Russian Federation from China increased by 1.4%, to $54.908 billion.

Imports to the Russian Federation from the United States - $13.044 billion (a decrease of 1%).

Imports to Russia from Belarus - $12.585 billion (a decrease of 3.8%).

Imports to Russia from the EU in 2020 fell by 7.4%, to $82.135 billion.

Imports to the Russian Federation from Ukraine - $3.608 billion (a drop of 25.6%).

Cheese and cottage cheese imports rise to record 2014 levels

Cheese imports Russia in 2020 have risen at a record. Supplies almost reached the level of 2014, when the authorities imposed a food embargo. In 2020, cheese and cottage cheese imports reached 316 thousand tons, which is 14% more than in the previous year. Retailers report an increase in sales of cheeses from,, Switzerland, and Serbia. Argentina Uruguay New Zealand

Shock reduction in currency inflows from oil and gas. Growth in grain and gold exports

 The Russian economy continues to experience a shock decline in foreign currency inflows.

In the third quarter of 2020, the economy earned $15.3 billion on oil exports (-51% year-on-year), and $8.7 billion (-45%) on oil products exports.

Compared to the second quarter, oil workers brought an additional $1.5 billion to the country, although the average price of Urals jumped by 48% - from $29 to $43 per barrel.

Having won in price, the oil industry lost in volume: physical oil exports fell sharply due to Russia's obligations under OPEC +.

According to IHS Markit, tanker supplies of Russian oil collapsed by 40%. According to Transneft, which also takes into account pipeline exports, - by 20%.

The situation on the gas market is even sadder: Gazprom sold gas at a loss almost all summer (cheaper than $100 per thousand cubic meters), and export revenues for the second quarter in a row are kept at a minimum since 2002 - $4 billion in April-June and 4.6 billion - for July-September. In annual terms, they collapsed by 43%, and if compared with 2012 - 3.5 times.

The total inflow of currency from exports falls more slowly - by 26%, to $76.9 billion. The shortage of oil and gas cylinders is compensated by the export of gold.

In April, the Central Bank stopped purchasing precious metal in reserves, and the government began issuing general export licenses, de facto allowing the export of all gold that is mined in the country.

As a result, its exports soared 4-5 times and brings up to $1.5 billion a month to the country.

In addition to metals, grain export is increasing. Nevertheless, these goods are completely incapable of replacing the oil and gas crane: there is not enough currency inflow so that the economy and consumers can live the same life. Imports have to be reduced, although this is not easy to do: both the consumer market and strategic industries depend on foreign raw materials, equipment and electronics - from the aviation industry and oil industry to the production of food and medicine.

Strong decline in major exports in the first 5 months of the year

2019

China, Germany and Belarus lead in terms of imports to Russia

Reducing food imports to $30 billion

Russia reduced food imports by a third - from $43.3 billion in 2013 to $30 billion in 2019 - the Ministry of Agriculture.

Trade turnover decreased in the first half of the year with all key partners of the Russian Federation, except for China

2018

Foreign trade turnover increased by 17.6% to $692.6 billion

On February 6, 2019, the FCS of Russia published data on exports and imports of the Russian Federation for 2018.

According to statistics in January-December 2018, Russia's foreign trade turnover amounted to $692.6 billion. The United States and compared to January-December 2017 increased by 17.6%.

The trade balance was positive in the amount of $211.6 billion. US, which is $80.6 billion. The United States is larger than in January-December 2017.

Russia's exports in January-December 2018 amounted to $452.1 billion. The United States increased by 25.6% compared to January-December 2017. Non-CIS countries accounted for 87.9% of total exports, while CIS countries accounted for 12.1%.

The basis of Russian exports was traditionally fuel and energy goods, the share of which in the commodity structure of exports amounted to 63.7% (in January-December 2017 - 59.3%). In the commodity structure of exports to non-CIS countries, the share of these goods amounted to 67.6% (in January-December 2017 - 63.4%), to the CIS countries - 35.9% (32.9%).

Compared to January-December 2017, the value of fuel and energy goods increased by 35.2%, and physical - by 6.4%. Among the goods of the fuel and energy complex, physical volumes of kerosene exports increased by 17.5%, coal coal - by 10.0%, natural gas - by 3.7%. At the same time, physical volumes of rock coke exports decreased by 6.2%, liquid fuel by 6.0%.

In the total value of exports, the share of metals and products from them in January-December 2018 amounted to 9.9% (in January-December 2017 - 10.4%). In the commodity structure of exports to non-CIS countries, the share of these goods amounted to 9.5% (in January-December 2017 - 10.1%), to the CIS countries - 12.8% (12.3%).

The value of exports of these goods increased by 19.9% compared to January-December 2017, and physical - by 8.5%. The physical volumes of exports of cast iron increased by 19.7%, semi-finished products from iron and unalloyed steel - by 11.2%, copper and copper alloys - by 10.5%. At the same time, the physical volumes of exports of flat iron and unalloyed steel decreased by 3.3%, aluminum - by 1.3%.

The share of exports of chemical products in January-December 2018 amounted to 6.1% (in January-December 2017 - 6.7%). In the commodity structure of exports to non-CIS countries, the share of these goods amounted to 5.2% (in January-December 2017 - 5.4%), to the CIS countries - 12.7% (14.9%).

Compared to January-December 2017, the value of exports of these products increased by 14.2%, and physical - by 3.5%. Physical exports of inorganic chemistry products increased by 19.6%, plastics and products made of them - by 5.4%, pharmaceutical products - by 2.4%, soap and detergents - by 1.5%. At the same time, the physical volumes of mineral and potash fertilizers decreased by 19.9%, perfumes and cosmetics - by 14.9%.

The share of exports of machinery and equipment in the commodity structure of exports in January-December 2018 amounted to 6.5% (in January-December 2017 - 7.9%). In the commodity structure of exports to non-CIS countries, the share of these goods amounted to 4.9% (in January-December 2017 - 6.4%), to the CIS countries - 17.8% (17.5%).

The value of exports of this commodity group increased by 2.7%, including increased supplies of electrical equipment by 13.0%, mechanical equipment - by 6.6%. At the same time, the supply of instruments and optical devices decreased by 7.5%. The physical volume of deliveries of passenger cars increased by 10.1%, and trucks - by 3.0%.

The share of exports of food products and raw materials for their production in the commodity structure of exports in January-December 2018 amounted to 5.5% (in January-December 2017 - 5.8%). In the commodity structure of exports to non-CIS countries, the share of these goods amounted to 5.0% (in January-December 2017 - 5.1%), to the CIS countries - 9.2% (10.1%).

Compared to January-December 2017, the value and physical volumes of supplies of these goods increased by 20.2% and 19.2%, respectively. Physical volumes of exports of fresh meat and ice cream increased by 65.6%, wheat - by 33.0%.

The share of exports of timber and pulp and paper products in January-December 2018 amounted to 3.1% (in January-December 2017 - 3.3%). In the commodity structure of exports to non-CIS countries, the share of these goods amounted to 2.9% (in January-December 2017 - 3.1%), to the CIS countries - 4.4% (4.3%).

The value of exports of this commodity group increased by 18.4%, and physical - by 4.2%. Physical volumes of plywood supplies increased by 8.7%, lumber - by 6.7%, pulp - by 0.8%, while raw timber supplies decreased by 2.1%.

Russia's imports in January-December 2018 amounted to $240.5 billion. The United States and compared to January-December 2017 increased by 5.1%. Non-CIS countries accounted for 89.0% of total imports, while CIS countries accounted for 11.0%.

In the commodity structure of imports, the largest share was in machinery and equipment, which in January-December 2018 amounted to 47.3% (in January-December 2017 - 48.6%). In the commodity structure of imports from non-CIS countries, the share of these goods amounted to 50.6% (in January-December 2017 - 51.8%), from the CIS countries - 20.5% (22.0%).

The cost of importing these products compared to January-December 2017 increased by 2.0%, including electrical equipment - by 11.8%, instruments and optical devices - by 8.9%. The physical volume of imports of passenger cars increased by 9.5%, and trucks - decreased by 17.9%.

The share of chemical products in the commodity structure of imports in January-December 2018 amounted to 18.3% (in January-December 2017 - 17.7%). In the commodity structure of imports from non-CIS countries, the share of these goods amounted to 18.7% (in January-December 2017 - 18.2%), from the CIS countries - 14.8% (13.4%).

The cost of importing chemical industry products increased by 8.1% compared to January-December 2017, and physical - by 1.2%. The physical volumes of supplies of soap and detergents increased by 7.3%, rubber, rubber and products made of them - by 6.9%, plastics and products made of them - by 3.4%, organic chemistry products - by 1.4%.

The share of imports of food products and raw materials for their production in January-December 2018 amounted to 12.4% (in January-December 2017 - 12.7%).

In the commodity structure of imports from non-CIS countries, the share of these goods amounted to 11.2% (in January-December 2017 - 11.5%), from the CIS countries - 22.3% (22.5%).

Value and physical volumes of imports increased by 2.4% and 1.6%, respectively. Wheat supplies increased by 27.0%, palm oil - by 18.9%, cheeses and cottage cheese - by 17.9%, citrus fruits - by 7.4%. At the same time, the physical volumes of supplies of fresh meat and ice cream decreased by 36.7%, milk and cream - by 21.1%, butter - by 10.5%.

The share of metals and products from them in the commodity structure of imports in January-December 2018 amounted to 7.2% (in January-December 2017 - 6.9%). In the commodity structure of imports from non-CIS countries, the share of these goods amounted to 5.9% (in January-December 2017 - 5.7%), from the CIS countries - 17.3% (16.9%).

The value volume of this commodity group compared to January-December 2017 increased by 8.5%, and physical - by 1.6%. The physical volume of imports of ferrous metals and products from them increased by 1.9%, while the supply of pipes decreased by 22.1%, flat rolled iron and unalloyed steel - by 4.2%.

The share of imports of textiles and shoes in January-December 2018 amounted to 6.2% (in January-December 2017 - 6.0%). In the commodity structure of imports from non-CIS countries, the share of these goods amounted to 6.1% (in January-December 2017 - 5.8%), from the CIS countries - 7.4% (7.1%).

The value and physical volumes of imports of these goods increased by 9.2% and 2.5% compared to the same period in 2017, respectively.

The share of imports of fuel and energy goods in January-December 2018 amounted to 1.0% (in January-December 2017 - 0.9%). In the commodity structure of imports from non-CIS countries, the share of these goods amounted to 0.6% (in January-December 2017 - 0.5%), from the CIS countries - 4.2% (4.6%).

The value volume of this commodity group increased by 8.2% compared to January-December 2017, and the physical volume decreased by 2.0%.

In the country structure of Russia's foreign trade, the European Union occupies a leading place as the country's economic partner. The European Union in January-December 2018 accounted for 42.7% of Russian trade (in January-December 2017 - 42.1%), the CIS countries - 11.7% (12.5%), the EAEU countries - 8.1% (8.8%), APEC countries - 31.0% (30.4%).

The main trading partners of Russia in January-December 2018 among non-CIS countries were: China, trade with which amounted to $108.3 billion. USA (124.5% compared to January-December 2017), Germany - $59.6 billion. USA (119.3%), Netherlands - $47.2 billion. USA (119.4%), Italy - $27.0 billion. USA (112.7%), Turkey - $25.6 billion. United States (115.7%), United States - $25.0 billion USA (107.9%), Republic of Korea - $24.8 billion USA (129.1%), Poland - $21.7 billion. USA (131.0%), Japan - $21.3 billion. USA (117.0%), France - $17.2 billion. USA (111.2%).

Trade volumes with CIS countries in January-December 2017-2018 are given below:

Structure of exports and imports: dynamics over 18 years

The volume of exports of logs and boards from Russia has caught up

In 2018 Russia , she continued to reduce the export of round timber and increase the export of lumber. The volume of foreign supplies of these products in 2018 almost equaled - 19.03 million m3 (-2.1%) and 18.7 million m3 (+ 14.9%), respectively. The country's share in the lumber market China has grown to 63%, according to the study "Results of the LPC for Russia 2018," prepared by the Lesprom Network analytical service.

2017: Share of oil in exports 26%

The share of oil in Russian exports in 2017 amounted to 26.1%, in the export of fuel and energy goods - 44.1% (in 2016 - 25.8% and 44.4%, respectively).

2012:20% of budget revenues came from oil export duty

The export duty on oil in 2012 was kept at about $400 per ton of oil. This means that due to exports, the state budget received only on the duty on oil to foreign countries approximately 84 billion dollars (2.5 trillion rubles). For comparison, the total revenues of the federal budget (including other export duties and taxes) in 2012 amounted to 12.858 trillion rubles.

At the same time, the Russian economy is much less dependent on oil exports than most countries - the largest oil exporters in the world.

2011

Fuel and energy complex - 70% in exports

According to the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, in the total volume of Russian exports in value terms in November 2011, fuel and energy products occupy almost 70% in value terms, including oil and oil products - more than 53%, gas - more than 12%.

• Metals - 8.9% of the total volume of products exported from the country.
• Products of chemical industry and rubber - 6%,
• Machinery, equipment and vehicles - 4.2%,
• Food, mainly cereals - 2.2%,
• Wood and paper and pulp products - 2.1%,
• Other products - 7.1%.

According to the results of 2011, Russia again became the world leader in the export of hydrocarbons. By the end of the year, the following was sent to neighboring states:

• 242 million tons of oil,
• 204 billion cubic meters. m of gas and
• 125 million tons of oil products^[13].

State revenues from this type of export amounted to almost $322 billion, an increase of more than a third compared to 2010. In the future, Russia expects only to increase these indicators. At this time, the country is confident that there will hardly be an alternative to Russian oil and gas in the near future.

According to the latest data of the Federal Customs Service, Russia's revenues from oil exports in 2011 increased by 33% - to $171.7 billion. Another $91.31 billion was brought by the export of petroleum products, of which 124.9 million tons were exported.

Revenues of the Russian Federation from the export of "blue fuel" increased by 34.3% - to $58.473 billion.

For comparison, the world's second economy in terms of GDP - China, whose main one is exports, exports mainly textiles and electronics from the country.

The basis of US exports is mechanical engineering products.

Transport equipment, clothing and medicines, as well as agricultural products are mainly transported from developing India.

The economy's dependence on oil prices

In the early 2010s, about half of the revenues of the federal budget of Russia were generated by the sale of oil and gas. The same source provides about 10% of Russia's GDP.

1998:75% Foreign Exchange Earnings Sales Rule

After the default in 1998, the rules tightened and exporters had to sell 75% of foreign exchange earnings, and the standard was relevant for more than two years and was canceled only in 2001. From 2001 to 2006, certain restrictions on maintaining a foreign exchange position remained, but were flexible and changed depending on the situation in the foreign exchange market, and from 2006 there was a complete liberalization of foreign exchange regulations.

1992: Introduction of mandatory sale of 50% of foreign currency earnings

In the 1990s, there was critically low confidence in the Russian economy and the ruble, where the population and business (especially business) tried to get rid of rubles as soon as they appeared. Continuous inflation and devaluation completely destroyed confidence in the ruble.

In order to prevent an imbalance in demand in the foreign exchange market, the government since 1992 introduced a standard according to which half of all exports should be sold through official channels (exchange and banks).

Since 1995, a multi-currency basket and a relatively modern concept of WR management and foreign exchange interventions have been introduced, but more flexibility has appeared. Instead of a hard percentage of revenue to sell, businesses were allowed to retain most of their foreign exchange earnings. Specific standards could change depending on the situation in international markets and the goals of the currency policy of the Central Bank and the government.

1774: After the Russo-Turkish War, Russian ships receive the right to pass through the Bosphorus

Only after Catherine II's victory in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768-74 did the Ottoman Empire agree to pass Russian merchant ships through the Bosphorus Strait. Previously, this was impossible.

1725: Exports to the west from St. Petersburg exceeded the total indicators of Arkhangelsk and the Baltic for 10 years

If you look at the data for 1725, even more goods were exported through St. Petersburg to the west than in the previous 10 years through the Baltic and Arkhangelsk combined.

1721: Decrees on the transfer of trade from Arkhangelsk to St. Petersburg

Peter I sought that foreign ships would not come to Arkhangelsk, but to St. Petersburg - "all flags will visit us," as A.S. Pushkin wrote. However, an important problem arose - to ensure the connection of St. Petersburg with the domestic market. The bulk of the goods were then transported by water, but it was difficult to get from St. Petersburg along the rivers to central Russia. To change this situation, under Peter I, near the city of Vyshny Volochek, they began to build a canal system that connected the Volga tributary Tvertsa with the Msta River, which flows into Lake Ilmen, from which it was possible to get to the Neva and St. Petersburg along Volkhov and Ladoga Lake.

The Vyshnevolotsky system started working at full capacity in 1722, but even before that, Peter issued decrees restricting trade through Arkhangelsk. In 1721, it was allowed to deliver goods for export only from the Northern Dvina basin to Arkhangelsk. From the rest of the country, goods were sent to St. Petersburg. As a result, in a few years it was possible to expand all trade from Russia to St. Petersburg.

1708:98% of Western trade in the hands of foreign merchants

Foreign trade was in the hands of foreign merchants: Dutch, Hamburg, English and others. Russian merchants brought their goods to ports - Arkhangelsk, Petersburg - where they were bought by foreign merchants and taken abroad. In Arkhangelsk at the beginning of the 18th century, less than 1% of the turnover was accounted for by goods that Russian merchants independently sold on the foreign market, sending them to partners in the West. In St. Petersburg, in the first years after its foundation, this figure was already 1-2%. Under Catherine II, the share of such export goods in the best years reaches 20%.

1700: The beginning of the Northern War and the movement of all trade with the West to Arkhangelsk

In 1700, the Northern War for access to the Baltic began, which lasted more than 20 years and turned out to be very difficult. The Swedes immediately blocked trade relations in the Baltic - therefore, they moved to Arkhangelsk. In the first 15 years of the 18th century, Arkhangelsk concentrated 100% of trade from Russia westward. During the Northern War Europe , strategic materials and even weapons were delivered here from the Western.

1699: Sweden's policy of shifting Russian trade from Arkhangelsk to Narva

At the beginning of the XVII century, the eastern coast of the Baltic almost completely came under the rule of Sweden. Through such large ports as Riga, Revel (current Tallinn), Narva and Nienschanz, which the Swedes built near the mouth of the Neva, there was trade along the line "east-west," "west-east." The Swedes were extremely interested in the bulk of goods from the Russian market going through Swedish ports. Firstly, thanks to this, large duties came to the treasury of the Swedish king. Secondly, trade could be controlled, and if relations with Russia became tense, it was possible to block the delivery of any strategic materials.

This situation extremely did not suit Russia, so it sought to develop trade with the West through Arkhangelsk. The Swedes wanted to drag trade to the Baltic. This struggle took place throughout the 17th century. In Sweden, it was called the policy of rejecting the main vector of Russian trade in the Baltic. At the end of the XVII century, trade through the Baltic was growing significantly. For example, if in 1695 83 foreign ships from distant countries, such as England and Holland, arrived in Narva, then in 1700 - already 147 ships. This growth is not only the result of Swedish politics, it was also determined by the fact that most European businessmen sought to establish trade through Baltic ports, mainly through Narva.

999: The flow of silver coins from Central Asia through Ladoga from trade with Northern Europe along the Volga Route

Main article: Kievan Rus

According to the calculation of the American numismatist T. Nunan, 125 million Islamic silver coins during the 10th century. were exported from Central Asia to Northern Europe (exports in weight terms amounted to 3750 kg of silver annually, which required the equivalent of 500,000 fur pelts of the highest quality). One can imagine the enormous volume and intensity of the movement of values, which were mainly transported then through Ladoga. Undoubtedly, residents of this key route ^[14] could not but participate in this international commerce.

750: The flow of silver from the sale of goods to the countries of the East along the Volga route attracts Vikings to Northern Russia

Main article: Northern Russia

The flow of Arab silver, which arrived by the middle of the VIII century in Northern Russia, attracted Vikings to Ladoga.

Notes