Semiconductors (Russian market)

Semiconductors (Global Market)

Main Article: Semiconductors (Global Market)

Chip manufacturing equipment (Russian market)

Main article: Equipment for the production of chips (Russian market)

2024

Production of a 32-bit microcontroller for controlling aircraft and robots began in Russia

The Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NIIET), part of the Element group of companies, has launched mass production of a 32-bit microcontroller K1946VK035 in a plastic case. The start of the release of the new product became known on November 26, 2024. Read more here.

In the Moscow region, the production of microelectronics for aircraft, cars and telecom equipment has been launched. They will produce 200 million chips a year

The Arsenal plant, part of the Promtech group of companies, has opened a new production building with an area of ​ ​ 10 thousand square meters for the production of microelectronics. This became known on November 21, 2024. The capacity of the enterprise will make it possible to produce 200 million chips and 110 million diodes, transistors and microcircuits annually. Read more here.

NM-Tech is preparing the production of chips for electronic signatures, SIM and bank cards. ₽16 billion invested in this

Zelenograd enterprise "NM-Tech" announced the launch of four new projects for the production of chips for SIM-cards, tokens of electronic signatures, bank and transport cards, as well as passports. In total, ₽16 billion were invested in it. The implementation of the projects will begin in 2025. This became known on November 22, 2024. Read more here.

Allocation of ₽400 million by the Ministry of Industry and Trade for the production of silicon wafers

The Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia in early November 2024 announced the allocation of ₽400 million for the development of manufacturing technologies and the organization of experimental production of neutron-transmutation doped monocrystalline silicon with a diameter of 150 mm.

According to CNews, the project is being implemented within the framework of the program for the development of electronic engineering until 2030, approved by the ministry's order of February 27, 2024 No. 766. The work is scheduled to be completed by December 1, 2026.

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Freepik

An independent expert and author of the Telegram channel RUSmicro Aleksei Boyko explained that the neutron-transmutation doping method allows you to obtain single-crystal silicon with a particularly uniform distribution of impurity atoms. Impurities are formed from the atoms of the starting substance as a result of nuclear reactions when irradiated with neutrons.

The ministry plans to enter the production of 100 thousand plates per year by 2027. The cost of one plate during serial production should not exceed the average market price of analogues by more than 10-15% with a minimum batch of 100 pieces.

The materials being developed are designed for the production of power thyristors, bipolar transistors with an isolated gate and fast-healing diodes. The components will be used in railway and automobile electric transport, as well as charging infrastructure.

Microelectronic group "Element" plans to launch the production of power components at the "Micron" plant. By 2030, the company intends to achieve a design capacity of 100 thousand silicon wafers and 40 thousand silicon carbide wafers, which will provide up to 60% of demand in Russia.

This project is part of a large-scale program to ensure the technological independence of Russia. In October 2024, the authorities announced plans to invest ₽100 billion in creating an industry for the production of chip equipment.^[1]

The Ministry of Industry and Trade is preparing the development of CAD for the creation of 16-nm processors

The Russian Ministry of Industry and Trade plans to begin developing computer-aided design systems to create processors with a topology of 16 nanometers between 2030 and 2032. The plan was presented by the Director of the Department of Digital Technologies of the Ministry Vladimir Dozhdev at the end of October 2024. Read more here.

The Ministry of Industry and Trade again did not find anyone willing to develop chips to replace Texas Instruments, Aeroflex and Cypress products. Tenders for almost ₽1 billion were left without participants

On October 21, 2024, it became known about the failure of three tenders of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia for the development of domestic analogues of American microcircuits. The total value of the contracts amounted to ₽920 million, but not a single company applied for participation in tenders.

According to CNews, the first tender worth ₽300 million was placed on May 15, 2024 and concerned the creation of a radiation-resistant static memory chip with random access. Two subsequent purchases dated May 20, 2024 for ₽360 million and ₽260 million involved the development of similar chips with integrated regeneration and conveyor type.

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Freepik

Alexey Novoselov, General Director of Milander, explained that the creation of such microcircuits requires special silicon technologies on an insulator with a process technology of 90 nanometers and below, which are absent in Russia. Access to such technologies abroad is strictly controlled.

The microcircuits under development were to become analogues of the products of the American companies Aeroflex, Cypress and Texas Instruments. It was planned to use them in special-purpose computing and control systems, as well as in memory blocks with large streams of information.

The terms of reference provided for the creation of microcircuits in ceramic metal casings with the possibility of being executed in metal polymer casings. The devices had to be resistant to the effects of special factors and have the functions of correcting single failures.

The Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia confirmed the fact of the absence of applications for all three previously announced tenders. According to the summing up protocols, the deadline for submitting applications ended on June 14, 2024, after which electronic auctions were declared invalid.^[2]

In Russia, a board the size of a 100-inch TV is made for the military

The Technotech plant in Yoshkar-Ola has produced a printed circuit board of record size for Russia by order of a defense enterprise. This became known on October 17, 2024. The board is 280 cm long and 23 cm wide, comparable to a 100-inch TV. Read more here.

In Voronezh, for ₽790 million launched the assembly of chips in metal polymer cases

In September 2024, a new production line for the housing of microcircuits in metal polymer cases was launched in Voronezh. Investments in the project amounted to ₽790 million, which made it possible to create capacity for the production of up to 10 million units of products per year. Read more here

In Nizhny Novgorod, a plant for the production of programmable controllers running Linux was launched for ₽400 million

In October 2024, a Nizhny Novgorod new plant for the production of programmable logic controllers (PLC) operating under control was opened in. operating system Linux The project was implemented by Continent ETS LLC, a member of the group of companies, with "Uzola" a total investment of more than ₽400 million. More here

The first Russian DDR5 memory chip has been created, which is in no way inferior to its Western counterparts

The Megapolis Telecom Region company in September 2024 patented the first DDR5 standard memory chip in Russia. This step was an important event for domestic electronics, since before that all the RAM bars presented on the Russian market were based exclusively on foreign chips. The new development of the Russian company was registered with the Federal Intellectual Property Service. The patent for the chip was issued before 2034. Read more here

Research Institute of Electronic Engineering invests 5.5 billion rubles in the only production of transistors based on gallium nitride in the Russian Federation

The Research Institute of Electronic Technology (NIIET), located in, Voronezh invests 5.5 billion rubles in the only Russia gallium nitride transistors in production. This became known in September 2024. This enterprise, which is part of the group of companies ("Item" joint venture AFK Sistema and state corporations ""), Rostec plans to produce up to 5.4 thousand plates per year, which will create competitive products both in the domestic and international markets. More here

New semiconductor for optoelectronics obtained at NRNU MEPhI

Researchers at NRNU MEPhI as part of an international scientific team synthesized strontium stannate doped with lanthanum, ruthenium and indium atoms and determined its electronic, magnetic and optical characteristics. This material can be used in optoelectronics, memory devices and spintronics. The university announced this on September 3, 2024. Read more here.

Russia has successfully established chains for the supply of chips from China, the United States and the EU. Details

Since the US and its allies imposed sanctions on Russia following the outbreak of conflict in Ukraine, Western officials have been frustrated that Moscow continues to receive US technology to secure its military operations. Russian weapons found on the region's battlefields abound with equipment from companies such as Intel and Analog Devices to the frustration of officials in Washington, Brussels and Kyiv. Haunted by the question: Why isn't trade controls working?

A document archive obtained by Bloomberg reveals new details of this sustainable supply chain from Silicon Valley to Moscow. They show many of the steps suppliers are taking for the Russian military to purchase components from U.S. chipmaker Texas Instruments without knowing it. They also identify Russian distributors that handle thousands of supplies destined for the country's military contractors, including several companies under U.S. sanctions. They help produce drones, glider bombs, precision communications systems and Iskander missiles, with which Moscow strikes Nazi forces in Ukraine.

As of September 2024

In 2023, Russia imported more than $1 billion worth of American and European chips from companies such as Intel, AMD and Infineon Technologies, Bloomberg reported earlier.

The buying process is surprisingly simple. Some Russian distributors have integrated information from Texas Instruments online store, TI store, into their trading platforms, allowing customers to see semiconductor stocks and prices before they make a request, according to documents seen by Bloomberg and state officials familiar with the matter. From Moscow or St. Petersburg, they can buy TI components with a few clicks, placing orders and delivering through companies outside Russia.

In one case reviewed by Bloomberg, a major Russian distributor processed more than 4,000 orders for hundreds of thousands of TI products worth about $6 million from January to August 2024. About $4 million of those orders were for Russian military companies, and the rest for civilians, according to supply reports. Before reaching Russia, goods were sent through Hong Kong or other countries.

The US government has warned chipmakers that they must do more to prevent their technology from falling into the hands of the Russian military. At a hearing in September, Senator Richard Blumenthal said the companies "objectively and knowingly cannot prevent Russia from benefiting from the use of their technology." One of the four companies that gave evidence, TI, has come under fire for "lax controls" on its online sales, according to a report released at the time.

This chip supply chain shows how a group of friendly intermediaries helped the Russian military-industrial complex continue to purchase American technology despite years of war and Western sanctions. These relatively simple microcircuits play a minor role in Russia's ability to produce weapons.

TI said in a statement that it devotes significant time and resources to preventing products from entering Russia and is constantly improving its policies and procedures to combat illegal leakage. Every year, TI reviews an average of more than 4 million orders and cancels thousands that raise serious concerns, the company said. Three other companies have also said they are doing everything they can to stem the flow of technology.

The Bloomberg article was based on internal company documents, import and export data collected from multiple sources, and interviews with government officials familiar with Russia's efforts to purchase technology abroad. Among the documents that Bloomberg has reviewed is a sales plan prepared by one of the leading Russian distributors for its customers. The slides explain to customers how to search and place requests for goods directly on the distributor's portal, as well as how they can find current information on the platform, for example, about the availability of goods.

The starting point for many orders of equipment are websites, including two called getchips.ru and altchips.ru. Access to these sites is blocked in many Western countries, including the United States and Europe, but Bloomberg confirmed that they are also available in Russia. The portal's extensive catalog, available only after companies have registered, features millions of products, including TI products, the documents said.

According to evidence provided to Bloomberg by European government officials, the sample of TI goods requested on the Russian service coincides with accurate information found simultaneously on a price comparison site outside Russia, which receives information directly from TI's online store. Officials with a "very high degree of confidence" came to the conclusion that the Russian portal collected information through the application programming interface, or API, - technical coordinates that allow programs to communicate and exchange data with each other. Alternative options, such as scraping information from another website, were possible but less likely given the amount of data and its timely nature, officials said.

TI provides partners with an API for its online store that allows them to view prices, inventory, orders and product information. In some cases, authorized TI API users, such as some price comparison services, combine this information with other data sources and provide their own separate API.

TI said in a statement that it does not provide API connections to any Russian company or site and that, according to its analysis, the two Russian portals do not have direct access to its API. To access the TI API, the company must first go through a vetting process, the company said. The company does not allow any Russian Internet address to access the TI website or any information directly from the corporation, including through an API connection, is added in the statement. The company said information about its products is widely available on the websites of distributors, aggregators and other companies.

Two Russian portals copy content from the website of a Western company, which apparently does not have direct access to the TI API, according to a person familiar with the matter and speaking on condition of anonymity, since he has no right to disclose confidential information. There appears to be a link between the three sites, the source said, declining to share the Western company's name.

It is impossible to determine exactly how Russian distributors add information to their sites, and Bloomberg was unable to independently verify how TI product information integrates into Russian portals. The slide in the Russian trading offer says, without naming TI, that the search information comes through the API, although orders cannot be made directly through the API, but you need to place them on a special portal tab. Separately, Bloomberg confirmed that TI's corporate website is TI.com available from Russia using a VPN - a digital connection that allows you to hide location and Internet address data.

Bloomberg also obtained and studied the enterprise resource planning system, or ERP, of a Russian distributor - a software database that companies use to manage sales, supply chains and purchases. The information includes invoices, purchase order numbers, and trackage tracking data that detail the routes the products travel to Russia.

Materials studied by Bloomberg suggest that many products from the TI store eventually enter Russia from third countries, although they do not disclose each intermediate stage in the supply chain or who placed orders in the TI store. This means that some orders may have been completed through distributors, resellers, or through old inventory that was previously ordered and stored in stock.

Among the thousands of orders tracked in internal Russian documentation, the status of 287 orders is marked as "canceled," which suggests that some customers either changed their minds or the distributor was unable to fulfill these orders. According to the documents, the Russian distributor applies a 40 percent mark-up to TI prices. European officials said this was being done to cover the entire delivery and payment process.

TI is particularly hard to track where its chips end up as it sells large volumes of components at a relatively low price, unlike chipmakers like Nvidia or Intel. Distributors can also buy and store parts for months or even years, raising the possibility that some TI chips used by the Russian military were purchased before Western sanctions were imposed.

After the outbreak of the conflict in Ukraine in February 2022, the United States and the European Union introduced export control over dozens of goods, electronics and technologies, including a detailed list of "high-priority goods" that were found in Russian weapons or are necessary for their production. Many of the TI products that enter Russia fall under these controls.

Exports of such limited goods to Russia are directly or knowingly illegal, but shipments to most other countries are not explicitly prohibited. Many shipments cross multiple jurisdictions before entering Russia, making it harder to verify and making the burden of responsibility unclear. Not all TI components are banned, some are primitive and sell for less than a dollar.

Western chipmakers are under fire for their products constantly appearing in Russian weapons. For example, TI chips were found in air-launched Dagger missiles and Lancet-3 attack drones. The company accounts for about 14% of components found by the Ukrainian authorities after strikes on their military.

While all four chipmakers have attracted attention in this year's U.S. Senate inquiry, TI has been flagged for failing to take the two steps most other tech companies make part of their sanctions checks. First, while companies like Intel and Analog Devices use risk management databases early in the sales process to block potentially illegal buyers, TI applies such procedures "significantly later in the customer selection process and sometimes without it at all," according to a report by the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, of which Blumenthal is chairman.

In addition, TI allows companies to buy chips from its site without disclosing the end user of these products, unlike most other chipmakers, which require end-user indication to avoid being sold to suppliers who transfer goods to countries such as Russia, Iran or North Korea.

Publicly available company registry data and recruitment data show that these firms are subsidiaries of trading companies China based in, and that Shenzhen at least one of them is looking for Russian-speaking employees. On one of China's most popular employment sites, Liepin, ads attributed to Sure Technology state that the company is looking for people with experience in exporting electronic components and are fluent. Russian language

Parent companies in Shenzhen have not responded to emails seeking comment or their email addresses are down. Staff responding to phone calls said those in charge were not available for comment.

Bloomberg provided TI with a list of about half a dozen popular products that were shipped to Russia from Hong Kong in 2024, according to the Russian distributor's ERP system. TI said it did not ship any of those goods to any of the three Hong Kong companies in 2024, suggesting once again that there are likely intermediate stages before the goods reach Hong Kong, or some goods may have been purchased in previous years. TI said it had already blocked three Hong Kong companies from ordering the parts months before Bloomberg contacted TI for this article.

According to the data received, goods are delivered from Hong Kong to Russia mainly through the cargo company Sea Global SCM Ltd. and the Russian airline Aeroflot. Sea Global did not respond to a request for comment and Bloomberg could not be reached by phone. Aeroflot did not respond to requests for comment.

At the end of the supply chain is a group of distributors including Arvis Group, Alternativa and Getchip. All companies are registered at addresses on Khokhryakov Street in Yekaterinburg, according to the Russian register of companies. Apparently, the business is in full swing: Getchip's revenue in 2023 increased by 65.5% compared to 2022 and reached 6.7 billion rubles ($68.2 million), follows from the registry data. Three companies did not respond to a request for comment.

It is from this group of companies that TI products are ultimately delivered to end customers, including enterprises of the Russian military-industrial complex. According to representatives of the European authorities, several companies that supply critical components for weapons and military systems or participate in their production appear as customers in the ERP system of the Russian distributor. Among them are Elara, NPP Mera, Printed Circuit Board Technologies, FSUE PO Oktyabr, NPF Mikran, EKB Angstrom, MKB Fakel, SKB MO RF and JSC NIIEP. Some of those businesses have been sanctioned by the U.S. and some of its allies. Neither company responded to a request for comment.

Not all customers are military firms. Another name in the ERP system is NAMI, the company that produces Aurus, luxury Russian limousines. Both NAMI and Aurus are under US sanctions. Both firms did not respond to requests for comment.

In Russia, an innovative photon nanowire has been developed for the production of optoelectronic chips

Russian scientists have developed an innovative photon nanowire designed to produce optoelectronic chips. This became known on August 1, 2024. This achievement was the result of the work of Nikita Solomonov, an employee of Alfer University, which is part of the consortium of the NTI Competence Center "Photonik." Read more here

The world's first lasers based on hollow light guides have been created in Russia. They will help create chips

On June 25, 2024, it became known that Russian scientists from the Institute of General Physics named after A.M. Prokhorov RAS for the first time in the world developed lasers based on hollow light guides. This achievement opens up new possibilities for the creation of high-precision devices, including for the production of microcircuits. Read more here.

Putin instructed to create neuromorphic processors

In February 2024, the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin approved the changes to. National Strategy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence The document, among other things, involves the creation of Russia neuromorphic tensor processors in.

As CNews writes with reference to the National Strategy for the Development of AI in Russia, by 2030 the country should launch mass production of competitive microprocessors used in the field of artificial intelligence (including neuromorphic and tensor microprocessors), related equipment for collecting, processing and high-speed data transmission, as well as the creation of complex software and hardware systems that ensure the formation of a computing infrastructure for performing tasks using AI.

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Kremlin.ru

Neuromorphic artificial intelligence systems are able to quickly process data arrays and create autonomous self-learning robots to work in conditions that are difficult or dangerous to humans. Important from the point of view of application, the property of neuromorphic AI systems is their thousands of times better energy efficiency compared to classic solutions on CPU and GPU. This radically expands the possibilities of using AI in robotics, the Internet of Things, smart devices and wearable sensors.

By February 2024, several projects of neuromorphic processors are developing in Russia. Thus, Rosatom joined the work on the creation of a chip, algorithms and application programs for a self-learning neuromorphic system.

As for tensor processors, they are coprocessors controlled by the central processor. They use tensors - multidimensional arrays of numbers that describe the transformations of elements of one linear space into another. Tensor processors work best with the architecture of convolutional neural networks designed for image processing.^[3]

2023

Reduced processor and controller production for 2 consecutive years

The production of processors and controllers in Russia in 2023 amounted to 8.1 million units against 9.8 million units a year earlier. Compared to 2021, the volume of production of these semiconductor products decreased by 22%, analysts at BusinesStat, whose data were released in April 2024, calculated.

Researchers attribute the fall in chip production in the Russian Federation to the influence of Western sanctions, due to which the import of components, software and equipment necessary for the manufacture of processors and controllers was significantly limited. In addition, the market was influenced by the tightening of localization requirements by the Russian government, for which many players in the electronics and computing market were not ready.

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BusinesStat

As noted in the study, by 2023, new criteria for recognizing Russian technology began to operate in Russia: processors must be developed and produced in Russia or can be produced in another country, but must have their own kernel architecture. The high level of localization allows manufacturers to count on subsidies and inclusion in the register of Russian electronic products of the Ministry of Industry and Trade, which is important for participation in public procurement, which is one of the most important channels for the sale of domestic processors and controllers, BusinessStat notes.

According to analysts, the company should have patents and rights to the topology of the integrated circuit, technology, design and technical documentation for the design, production and development of products. Rights and patents, as a rule, were previously acquired from foreign developers, which under the conditions of sanctions is almost impossible to do directly, and through intermediaries is very expensive. Own development requires time and colossal financial investments, the report says.

Experts draw attention to the fact that in 2021 the production of processors and controllers in Russia soared by 38% due to the increase in exports: then one of the largest domestic manufacturers of electronic components, Micron, delivered more than 4 million single-chip microcontrollers to China. MIK1312ED

In their study, analysts list several of the largest microprocessor manufacturers in Russia (without specifying their market share):

• "Micron,"
• "Miliander,"
• JSC "Research Institute of Electronic Technology,"
• "Tecon MT" and
• GS Nanotech.

The following market segments were included in the analysis:

• microprocessors - integrated circuits, devices performing the functions of executing commands and controlling the system;
• microprocessors manufactured according to the technological process not more than 32 nm;
• microcontrollers and microcomputers, which are integrated circuits consisting of at least parts: microprocessor, program memory, memory for storing data, inaccessible from the outside, unlike microprocessors, external bus (for data, addresses or commands);
• control circuits, which are integrated circuits used to influence the process of processing or operation of a machine (for example, computational);
• other integral monolithic circuits.

The report noted that microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in computers, various industrial devices, computing and measuring devices, automation devices, data recording, in the production of household equipment, cars, cars electronic games, etc.^[4]

Processor shipments to Russia decreased by 62%

From January to October 2023, inclusive, approximately 178 thousand Intel processors were delivered to Russia for a total of 3.2 billion rubles. On an annualized basis, shipments decreased by 64% in unit terms and by 62% in monetary terms. Such data at the end of November 2023 was disclosed by the Russian holding Fplus.

According to the Kommersant newspaper, referring to Fplus statistics, the drop in the supply of Intel chips to Russia turned out to be lower compared to AMD products. During the first 10 months of 2023, approximately 35 thousand AMD processors arrived in the Russian Federation, the cost of which is estimated at 372 million rubles. This is 70% and 98% less, respectively, compared to the same period in 2022. The specified data takes into account shipments by parallel import. However, it is noted that "a small part of the processors is imported into the country under a different code, so it is not displayed in deliveries."

For 10 months of 2023, 178 thousand Intel processors were delivered to Russia

The sharp decline is due to several reasons. In the current geopolitical situation, large domestic manufacturers of equipment, such as Yadro, Aquarius and Fplus itself, purchased many components, forming warehouse stocks. This led to a reduction in new orders. In addition, the decrease in the supply of components may be due to the fact that processors are imported as part of ready-made systems - computers, DSS of systems and servers. Some corporate users have suspended updating the fleet amid import substitution, while others have artificially extended the life cycle of existing systems.

Several other factors are also called. Among them - a high level of inflation and an increase in interest rates on loans. Due to sanctions and economic difficulties, the cost of foreign processors in 2023 increased by 10-15% compared to 2022. Against this background, companies are forced to revise the timing of the purchase of equipment.^[5]

Ministry of Industry and Trade: Russian companies will be able to cover the demand for chips for bank cards by 2025

Russian manufacturers will be able to cover the demand for chips for bank cards in one to two years. This was announced in October 2023 by the Deputy Minister of Industry and Trade RFVasiliy Shpak.

We are now working to expand the production capabilities of Micron and are integrating its work with NM-Tech, so I think that from the end of 2024 - in 2025 we will be able to provide with a high degree of probability a significant amount of our market needs, "he said in a conversation with RIA Novosti.

Russian manufacturers will be able to cover the demand for chips for bank cards in one to two years

Earlier in 2023, it became known that the Ministry of Industry and Trade discussed with the manufacturers of bank cards the possibility of stretching the supply of chips produced at Micron for another year. The plant has already received claims for hundreds of millions of rubles due to delay. The lack of domestic analogues forced card manufacturers to switch to chips from Chinese manufacturers, Kommersant reports.

According to Vasily Shpak, by October 2023, Micron continues to supply chips for bank cards. However, taking into account the loading of the plant as part of the implementation of the state defense order and due to the volume that the market simultaneously needed after the story related to foreign cards, everyone ran sharply to open Mir cards, added the deputy head of the Ministry of Industry and Trade.

At the moment, "Micron" with its production facilities was not ready to block the demand that arose. Plus, certain problems were imposed on this related to ensuring the production of the necessary chemistry and raw materials. Now all issues have been resolved, Micron works normally within the framework of the contractual obligations of the existing schedules, - said Vasily Shpak.

All bank cards, passes and other types of chip cards used in Russia will have to be produced domestically from 2025, follows from a draft government decree prepared by the Ministry of Industry and Trade and which was published in August 2023.^[6]

The Ministry of Industry and Trade allocated 2.6 billion rubles for technologies for the production of cables and chips that are not sold to Russia due to sanctions

At the end of August 2023, it became known that the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation allocated 2.6 billion rubles for the development of domestic technologies for the production of cables and chips, which were in short supply due to the formed geopolitical situation and sanctions from the United States and Europe.

According to CNews, we are talking, in particular, about creating methods for the production and production of chemical materials necessary for the production of electronics. The Ministry of Industry and Trade is looking for performers who will engage in research work in the field of technologies for the production of acetylacetone, N-methyl-2 pyrrolidone, high-purity phosphorus oxychloride and trimethylphosphate, an analogue of the polymer durimide, potassium manganese acid and other compounds. In addition, the department published tenders for organizing in Russia the production of a composition based on polyester ether ketone for cable insulation, fire-proof crosslinked polymer compositions, water-blocking materials and other components that are used in the manufacture of cables.

The Ministry of Industry and Trade allocated 2.6 billion for the development of technologies for the production of cables and chips

It is noted that the supply of the listed compounds Russia in stopped. Meanwhile, high-purity phosphorus, phosphorus oxychloride and trimethylphosphate are used as starting materials in the production of special materials and an electronic component base. An analogue of the durimide polymer is also necessary for the release of microcircuits. In turn, water-blocking materials are used to protect against the longitudinal spread of moisture in various cables - power, signal-blocking, telephone, for control circuits of nuclear power plants, optical, fire-safe cables for nuclear power plants and underground and others.

The lack of production of these products threatens to disrupt the supply of cable products for the needs of the most important sectors of the economy and industry. All work under these contracts should be completed by the end of 2025.^[7]

What measures Russia needs in the development of chip production

In light of the worsening global competition, Russia needs to take measures to ensure stable access to microelectronics from leading production centers, and launch a comprehensive program to create its own production facilities. The lack of availability of chips of the domestic economic complex can lead to the disruption of infrastructure projects, industry and specialized programs (especially in the field of communications, industrial electronics, transport, medicine, mechanical engineering), undermine mega-scientific initiatives and developments (quantum computing, artificial intelligence, experimental work in the field of nuclear physics). This will inevitably affect the overall development of the economy, the speed of implementation of technological innovations and, in general, the geostrategic positions of the country. Such conclusions are contained in a review prepared by the Center for Global IT Cooperation in July 2023. Learn more here.

Infrastructure is being created in Russia to accelerate the production of photolithographs used in the production of chips

On July 31, 2023, it became known that the Ministry of Industry and Trade, the Ministry of Education and Science, semiconductor manufacturers and specialized universities will form a network of specialized landfills in Russia for testing equipment used in the production of microelectronics. This is necessary in the current geopolitical situation, due to which many foreign companies stopped the supply of equipment to the Russian Federation and stopped serving Russian customers.

The landfill, in particular, will be created on the basis of the National Research University "Moscow Institute of Electronic Technology" (MIET). For this, it is planned to reconstruct and technically re-equip one of the buildings of the university. Within the framework of the project, engineering infrastructure will be deployed to "accommodate technological, scientific and measuring equipment." These can be photolithographic installations, circuit analyzers, steppers and other installations necessary to organize the production of microelectronics and microwave components. In addition, it is envisaged to create systems for the supply of extremely clean liquids, chemical compounds and gases.

The Ministry of Industry and Trade, the Ministry of Education and Science, semiconductor manufacturers and specialized universities are implementing a project to build a network of landfills in the Russian Federation for testing equipment for the production of microelectronics, which is being developed

The landfill is a platform for the development and transfer of basic technological processes based on new equipment and the training of engineering and scientific personnel together with industrial and academic partners, - said Vice-Rector of MIET Alexey Pereverzev.

Similar landfills are planned to be built in St. Petersburg and Fryazino in the north-east of the Moscow region (on the basis of JSC NPP Istok named after A. I. Shokin). The cost of forming one site is estimated at 4.2-5.6 billion rubles, of which about 1.7 billion rubles are required for the deployment of engineering infrastructure. The initiative is being implemented within the framework of the federal project "Training of personnel and scientific foundations in the electronic industry," supervised by the Ministry of Education and Science.^[8]

Mishustin instructed to develop an X-ray lithograph for the production of chips

Following a trip to Sarov, Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Mishustin instructed the Ministry of Industry and Trade and the Ministry of Economic Development to work out Rosatom's proposals for several scientific projects, including the creation of a domestic X-ray lithograph and production technologies for its use. The press service of the Government of the Russian Federation announced this on July 8, 2023. The order must be completed by August 30, 2023. Read more here.

Semiconductor oxide materials laboratory launched in Moscow

At the end of June 2023, the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT) announced the creation of a laboratory of semiconductor oxide materials. Its employees will develop new components that are necessary for the production of elements of printed electronics and other devices, the press service of the university said. Read more here.

The Ministry of Industry and Trade chose the main manufacturer of lithographic materials for chips in the Russian Federation

In March 2023, the Ministry of Industry and Trade chose the main manufacturer of lithographic materials for chips in the Russian Federation. We are talking about the Research Institute of Molecular Electronics (NIIME), which will receive 1.4 billion rubles under a contract with the department. Read more here.

The Ministry of Industry and Trade allocated 2.2 billion rubles for the development of materials for chips

The Ministry of Industry and Trade has allocated about 2.2 billion rubles for the development of materials for chips. The agency ordered research work, which should be completed by 2024. This became known on March 6, 2023.

As he writes CNews with reference to the materials on the public procurement website, the project of the Ministry of Industry and Trade is designed "for the development and production of production especially pure tungsten hexafluoride for 287.6 million rubles, hydrogen bromide for 261.6 million rubles, a reagent for measuring plate pollution with metal cations by the X-ray fluorescent method for 158 million rubles, precursors of triethylborate and triethylphosphate for 79.5 million rubles. All specified materials are used in the creation of integrated circuits. Previously, they were supplied Russia from abroad. 1.1 billion rubles were allocated from the budget to study development opportunities.

About 2.2 billion rubles have been allocated for the development of materials for integrated circuits

The Ministry of Industry and Trade allocated a similar amount for research work "on the development and development of the production of lithographic materials for microelectronic production." It is noted that under the conditions of sanctions it is impossible to purchase the above materials for future use, there are also difficulties with supplies.

Particularly pure tungsten hexafluoride is used in the synthesis of tellurite glasses for sealing integrated circuits, and the development and production of a chemical compound titanium tetrakis is one of the technological processes in the production of semiconductors with topological norms of 230-90 nanometers.

All tenders of the Ministry of Industry and Trade were published in mid-February 2023 in the format of an open competition. All work should be completed on December 12, 2024. At the same time, the developed technological solutions for the production of materials should meet the needs of enterprises of manufacturers of electronic component base.^[9]

2022

Reduced sales of processors and controllers by 14% to 335 million units.

Sales of processors and controllers in Russia decreased after several years of growth. BusinesStat analysts spoke about the market situation in their study, some excerpts from which were published in early October 2023.

According to experts, in 2022, about 335 million processors and controllers were sold in the Russian Federation, which is 14% more than a year earlier. At the same time, in 2021, the market volume grew by 17%, and in 2020 - by 2%. The decline occurred due to Western sanctions imposed in response to the beginning of the Russian Federation of a military special operation in Ukraine.

According to BusinesStat calculations for 2022, more than 95% of processors and controllers sold in Russia are imported from abroad. In 2022, the countries of the European Union, Japan and South Korea imposed sanctions on the supply of products to Russia declared under the code TN VED 8542 31 - "Processors and controllers combined or not combined with memory devices, converters, logic circuits, amplifiers, synchronizers or other circuits." In addition, several leading world brands at once, including Intel, AMD and Nvidia, have ceased cooperation with Russia.

The Taiwanese company TSMC also announced a halt in the production and supply of its products to Russia. TSMC-based processors of the "" and "" brands developed in Russia were produced. In ElbrusBaikal 2022, Taiwanese manufacturers stopped accepting orders for the production of Elbrus and Baikal processors and refused to ship already manufactured devices, citing compliance with sanctions, the report says.

As a result of the restrictions imposed on the results of 2022, imports of processors and controllers to Russia decreased by 16% or 65 million units. The fall could be more significant, the increase in supplies from the EAEU countries, China and Estonia helped partially compensate for the losses. Thus, there was no significant shortage of processors and controllers on the Russian market in 2022. However, temporary interruptions in supplies, as well as an increase in delivery times and prices for imported products, negatively affected demand and led to a reduction in sales of processors and controllers in Russia in 2022, the researchers add.

They remind that microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in computers, various industrial devices, computing and measuring devices, automation devices, data recording, in the production of household equipment, cars, cars electronic games, etc.

Both Russian-made processors and controllers and imported ones are supplied for export from Russia

Both Russian-made processors and controllers are supplied for export from Russia, as well as imported ones that were not sold on the domestic market or purchased for subsequent resale to other countries. Among the manufacturers of foreign processors and controllers exported from Russia: China, Malaysia, Vietnam, Taiwan, Hong Kong, the Philippines, the United States and other countries.

Due to the small volume of supplies, the dynamics of the export of processors and controllers from Russia varies greatly from year to year. In 2019, deliveries increased by 32.1% to 5.1 million units. But in 2020, against the background of the complication of foreign trade operations, the export of controllers and processors from Russia decreased by 4.8% to 4.9 million units. In 2022, against the background of a new crisis and complications of foreign policy relations around Russia, the export of processors and controllers decreased by 10.1% and amounted to 12.3 million units.

At the end of 2022, there was a decrease in the export of processors and controllers to China (by 5.8 million units), which was offset by an increase in supplies to Hong Kong (by 7.1 million units). The main reason for the decrease in total exports in 2022 was the reduction in supplies to Turkey (by 2.1 million units) and France (by 1.2 million units).^[10]

Deliveries of modern processors to Russia have hardly decreased despite sanctions

Russia At the end of 2022, supplies of modern processors in almost did not decrease despite the Western sanctions that were imposed on the Russian Federation after the start of a military special operation on. The newspaper "" To Ukraine wrote about the situation on the Russian chip market on March 16, 2023.Kommersant

One of the sources of the electronics market, citing data from the Federal Customs Service (FCS), said that in 2022 a total of 782 thousand Intel processors were delivered to Russia, which is 9% more than a year earlier. At the same time, the import of AMD chips was halved, to 143 thousand units. The volume of supplies of "other" companies, including Chinese and South Korean, increased 2.5 times, to 102 thousand units, the source told the newspaper.

The volume of shipments of Intel processors in the Russian Federation increased by 9%

According to him, the total number of imported chips manufactured in accordance with the technological process from 32 nm and below fell in 2022 by only 0.7% to 1.03 million copies. At the same time, according to another source of Kommersant, also familiar with the statistics of the FCS, the import of all chips (including processors) into the Russian Federation in 2022 decreased by 19% at once, a total of 511 thousand units were delivered. Why sources have such a difference in indicators is not specified.

The informant of the publication said that the customs value of products almost doubled, to $2.1 billion. The top five are Intel (down 7% to 184,000 components), Analog Devises, Texas Instruments, AMD (including Xilinx) and Swiss STMicroelectronics.

Deliveries of modern chips to Russia almost did not decrease despite sanctions

Maxim Tereshchenko, head of project management at Delta Computers, attributes a high share of Intel products to the fact that a significant part of them are printed at the company's own factories, where there is "no such queue" as at TSMC, where AMD is produced. As a result, Intel is increasing deliveries around the world, the expert said.

According to Ivan Pokrovsky, executive director of the Association of Developers and Manufacturers of Electronics (ARPE), Intel and AMD will remain on the top lines in terms of chip supplies in Russia for a long time, since basically all the equipment in demand in the country works on Intel x86 architecture.

Other processor manufacturers are increasing shares, but growth from a low base is not significantly affecting the dominance of leaders, he added.

In comparison with Intel and AMD, the rest of the suppliers "look like dwarfs," agrees Alexander Kalinin, a shareholder of Media Holding (Sovereign Mobile Initiative, a domestic manufacturer of mobile devices). According to him, other processors are mainly used not in computing, but in routers and other related equipment.

According to newspaper sources in the Russian electronics market, due to the rise in the cost of chips, the cost of solutions assembled in Russia in 2022 increased by 6%, but prices are expected to stabilize, since parallel imports have already been established.

Since 2014, the United States has imposed restrictions on the supply of high-tech elements to Russia for military use. In February 2022, the rules were tightened, control over the export of microelectronics was strengthened. Some companies at the time announced they would suspend chip shipments to Russia. Among them were Intel with AMD.

Taiwan officially banned the export of microprocessors and microcircuits to Russia and Belarus in mid-2022. The list of components that can no longer be officially imported into these countries includes microprocessors or microcircuits with the following characteristics:

• the clock speed exceeds 25 MHz;
• speed reaches 5 gigaflops and higher;
• the arithmetic logic device has an access bit of 32 bits or more;
• there is a direct external connection between parallel chips at a transfer rate of 2.5 MB/s;
• there are more than 144 outputs and a main gate propagation delay time of less than 0.4 nanoseconds.

By March 2023, Russia has its own chipmakers - for example, MCST, Baikal, Module, Elvis, etc.^[11]

Russian microelectronics developers doubled their annual revenue

According to the results of 2022, Russian microelectronics developers earned twice as much revenue as a year earlier. This was announced in early February 2023 by the executive director of the Association of Developers and Manufacturers of Electronics (ARPE) Ivan Pokrovsky, referring to the survey data of the organization's participants.

The dynamics is due to the fact that against the background of the rush demand for components, including Russian processors, design centers sold warehouse stocks, "he explained in a conversation with Kommersant.

Russian design centers of microelectronics increased revenue due to the rush demand for domestic components

According to some market participants, the revenue of their companies in 2022 seriously increased due to the sale of stocks. However, these indicators turned out to be less than the predicted results that were before the start of the Russian special operation in Ukraine. In 2022, all major Russian microelectronics design centers were among the first to enter the US sanctions lists.

According to analysts, due to the lack of access to Western semiconductor factories, domestic design centers will have to switch to the production of components that Russian factories can make. In addition, this situation will allow you to maintain a team of engineers, as well as master the production of demanded components.

Now Russian design centers, which have lost access to foreign semiconductor factories and sold stocks, will need to switch to the development of components, the production of which can be mastered by Russian plants with technological lines of 180 nm or more, said Sergey Ovchinnikov, General Director of Norsi-Trance.

This will allow you not to lose the team of engineers. In addition, we will master the production of components that will be in demand in any case, "he said. Let them "be bad," but the demand will sooner or later appear, the top manager added.[12]

Semiconductor and microchip imports up 34% to $2.45 billion

Russia in 2022 increased imports of semiconductors and microchips by about 34%, mainly from China. This helped Russia to increase the total volume of chip imports to $2.45 billion in 2022 compared to $1.82 billion in 2021.

In its report, the think tank Silverado Policy Accelerator noted that enterprises in Russia still have access to critical dual-use technologies and semiconductors thanks to imports from China and Hong Kong.

According to the London Defense Analytical Center Royal United Services Institute, from April to November 2022, imports of microchips from these countries amounted to $2.6 billion. The share of microchips Intel AMD is about 30% of this amount.

Contrary to the sanctions, Russia managed to increase chip imports by almost 2 times compared to 2021.

Russia appears to be successfully circumventing EU and G7 sanctions to obtain crucial semiconductors and other technologies, including for a sting operation in Ukraine, according to a senior European diplomat.

Russian imports as a whole have largely returned to pre-war levels in 2020, and analysis of trade data suggests that modern chips and integrated circuits produced in the EU and other allied countries are supplied Russia to through third countries such as, and Turkey, UAE the Kazakhstan diplomat said in March 2023.

Supplies of American chips from China to Russia increased 11 times - from $51 million to $570 million

By the end of 2022, Russia managed to restore the average monthly volume of imports of chips and electronic components to the level of 2021, and more than half of deliveries are now made from China, The Wall Street Journal wrote in February 2023. According to the PRC GTU, chip supplies to Russia in 2022 increased to $179 million against $74 million in 2021.

Despite the fact that the United States tried to prohibit someone from supplying semiconductors to Russia, in 2022, supplies of American chips from China and Hong Kong increased 11 times - from $51 million to $570 million, an investigation by Nikkei Asia published in April 2023 showed.

Reuters: Since April 1, Intel processors worth $0.5 billion have been imported to Russia

On December 13, 2022, Reuters published a detailed article stating that despite sanctions restrictions and the current geopolitical situation, products from American microchip manufacturers continue to be supplied to Russia. We are talking, in particular, about AMD and Intel processors. Read more here.

The number of applications for registration of chips in Russia soared by 40%

According to the results of the first half of 2022, Rospatent registered 40% more applications for registration of integrated circuit topologies (TIMS, detailed layout of the microcircuit) than in the same period of 2021. The agency disclosed the relevant data in August 2022.

A total of 101 applications were submitted in the specified category, of which 82 topologies were registered. In the first half of 2021, 72 were submitted in the category, and 93 were registered, more registered topologies in Rospatent are explained by the transfer of applications from 2020.

The number of applications for registration of chips in the Russian Federation rose by 40%

The leader in TIMS registration in January-June 2022 was:

• Ministry of Industry and Trade (22 applications);
• Baikal Electronics (11);
• JSC NIIMA Progress (10);
• JSC "NIIET" (9).

According to Rospatent statistics, the leaders in the number of applications in January-June 2021 were Baikal Electronics (43 applications) and ICST (developing Elbrus processors; 14 applications). Yadro (developing processors based on the open RISC-V architecture) had one registered patent in 2021, and no applications were submitted in 2022.

According to the source Businessman"" on the Russian market, by electronic engineers August 2022, the development of microcircuits, including processors, is underway for several years, so it is likely that among the recently patented processors there may be those that were previously planned to be produced in Taiwan. TSMC

The interlocutor of the newspaper noted that among the patents there may be products that are produced in Russia. The source added that the activity of Russian developers was also influenced by state stimulation of the industry, in particular, the 719th decree confirming the production of industrial products on the territory of the Russian Federation and the introduction of a point system.

According to the head of Norsi-Trans, Sergei Ovchinnikov, the growth of applications for TIMS registration is justified by the desire of Russian enterprises to close certain obligations to creditors who financed the development of a specific microcircuit.^[13]

Russia faced serious problems with the supply of chips

According to the Financial Times (FT) in June 2022, Russia accounts for less than 1% of semiconductor sales in the world. This means that the technological sanctions imposed by the West against the Russian Federation will not have as strong an impact as on China in 2019, but the blow to the economy will be serious, the newspaper notes.

According to newspaper observers, export control over "dual-use" technologies (can be applied in both civilian and military electronics; microchips, servers, etc.), will have one of the most serious and long-term consequences for the Russian economy. The largest telecommunications companies in the Russian Federation will not be able to access equipment for 5G networks, and it will be difficult for large cloud providers like Yandex and Sberbank to expand their data centers, the authors of the publication believe.

Russia accounts for less than 1% of semiconductor sales in the world

Although there are several domestic chip manufacturers in Russia Micron("," JSC MCST"" and Baikal Electronics""), they strongly depended on the supply of finished semiconductor products by foreign vendors such as SMIC (), China () Intel USA and (). Infineon Germany As for contract production, MCST JSC and Baikal Electronics used mainly the services of factories in Taiwan and. To Europe

At the end of May 2022, it became known that the MCST company, which is the developer of Russian processors Elbrus"," is negotiating the possibility of transferring their production to the Russian Micron factory. At the end of December 2021, Sberbank reported that it had tested Russian servers based on "" processors and Elbrus-8C were completely dissatisfied with the performance of these systems.^[14]

The technical conclusions are quite simple: very weak for comparison with Intel Xeon - low memory, slow memory, few cores, low frequency. The functional requirements have not been catastrophically fulfilled, "said Anton Zhbankov, a representative of the Sberbank laboratory of new technological solutions.

Against the background of sanctions imposed against the Russian Federation by Western countries in response to the start of the Russian special operation in Ukraine, large manufacturers of IT equipment stopped supplying products to Russia, including processors. One of the measures aimed at solving this problem was the introduction of the so-called parallel import, when original non-contract goods are imported without the consent of the manufacturer or copyright holder.

Some companies have organized supplies from Kazakhstan, says Karen Ghazaryan, director of the Institute for Internet Research. - Some second-tier Chinese companies are ready to supply. There are stocks of components in warehouses in Russia, but this volume is not enough, supplies are unstable, and prices have at least doubled.

According to the head of one of the leading semiconductor companies contacted by FT journalists, foreign manufacturers often refuse to supply household appliances, phones, computers and equipment for data centers to the Russian Federation, even if these devices contain outdated chips from China.

Entire supply routes for servers, computers and iPhones have disappeared, "a top manager of one of the Western companies representing the semiconductor industry told the publication.

According to IDC, in 2021, 158 thousand servers with x86 processors were delivered to the Russian market. 27% of this amount was produced by Russian companies, 39% by European and American companies, and the rest by Asian companies.

Malaysia is ready to consider the supply of scarce semiconductors to Russia

Malaysian Ambassador to Russia Bala Chandran announced his readiness to consider the supply of electronics to Russia. This became known on April 25, 2022. According to him, Malaysia, located in Southeast Asia, will consider all without exception Russia's requests for the supply of electronics, as well as semiconductors.

Malaysian industry is market-oriented. And I am quite sure that any request from the Russian side regarding the supply of such products will be considered, - said Bala Chandran.

The ambassador stressed that at the end of April 2022, he is not aware of whether negotiations are underway on the supply of electronics to Russia at the state level. At the same time, he hopes that businessmen will find a way to agree on this.

The electronics sector provides nearly six percent of Malaysia's GDP. Therefore, I am glad that you touched upon this topic, "the ambassador said.

We are a trading state. Therefore, of course, our business sector will respond to the demand and supply of products to the global market, including semiconductors, electronics and electronic devices, the Malaysian Ambassador to Russia summed up.

Malaysia borders Brunei, Indonesia and Thailand by sea and land, and shares maritime borders with the Philippines, Singapore and Vietnam. Almost all these countries, with the exception of Singapore, as of April 25, 2022 did not support the open form of anti-Russian sanctions imposed as a result of the special operation that began in February 2022.

For Russia, partnership with Malaysia in the field of semiconductors can be very profitable. According to the RBC report, at the end of 2018, the country took third place in terms of exports of electronic components to Russia, losing only to Taiwan and China. It only took Malaysia five months to move up to second place in this regard. She did this according to the results of the period from January to May 2019, having imported $80.9 billion worth of semiconductors into Russia^[15].

2021: Due to the shortage of chips in Russia, bank and SIM cards began to be lacking

In mid-August 2021, it became known that due to a shortage of chips Russia , bank and SIM card cards were missing. About this "" To news told in credit institutions telecommunication and companies.

The press service of Gazprombank said that the lack of semiconductors led to a decrease in the pace of supplies under new orders. The bank predicts an increase in purchase prices for plastic from the beginning of 2022, when the stocks of chips from their suppliers are likely to deplete.

VTB The newspaper was told that the partners deliver cards within the deadlines stipulated in the current contracts. At the same time, the bank pointed to an increase in the share of digital cards.

Meanwhile, cellular operators stated difficulties with the production of SIM-cards. The total volume of their deliveries Russia in - over 100 million pieces per year, and the impact of the deficit on this volume is felt, noted in. The MTS company does not exclude that in the future the availability of cards for them will decrease, and the purchase cost will increase.

The Smart Payment Association (SPA) reported that due to the crisis, manufacturers began to face an increase in the supply of chips for their assembly. By mid-August 2021, regular demand satisfaction (more than 3 billion cards per year) cannot be guaranteed, the association explained.

Analysts at Gisecke + Devirent, which develops bank and SIM cards, concluded that a reduction in bank card production by only 10% could lead to problems in the global economy. The shortage of chips for the production of SIM-cards will be just as significant, experts say.

According to Eldar Murtazin, a leading analyst at Mobile Research Group, there is indeed a lack of components, but the threats that the business claims are hardly real.

The topic of deficit today is so inflated that almost any price increase can be brought under this problem. That is, bank card manufacturers clearly want to raise purchase prices by 20-25% and create an excuse with their forecasts. But they can also be understood, since the entire element base of semiconductors is becoming more expensive, "Murtazin said.[16]

2020: Most of the chips in the Russian Federation come from China

According to the UN Statistics Center Comtrade, imports of chips from China to Russia at the end of 2020 approached $500 million. About which countries most semiconductors are imported into the Russian Federation can be seen in the graph below (published in June 2022).

Countries leading in the supply of chips to Russia

Notes