World economy

The main trends of the global economy

Globalization gives way to protectionism as G7 can no longer dominate BRICS

The era of globalization and free trade in 2023 is replaced by "securonomics," which puts national interests above economic efficiency, and this shift poses big problems for investors.

"Globalization as we once knew it is dead." This scathing assessment, made in May Washington 2023 in Rachel Reeves, Labour's shadow chancellor of the exchequer, Britain is the simplest summary yet of what happened to the framework that has defined global economic policy for the past 30 years.

In the era of free trade and financial liberalization, politicians danced to the tune of economists. Now it's the opposite.

The world is being reorganized into competing - albeit still connected - blocs that reflect the results of the UN vote on Russia's operation in Ukraine.

The final statement of the principles defining the new political landscape was made in the United States at the end of April 2023. It is noteworthy that this was done not by the US Treasury Secretary or the US Trade Representative, but by the country's chief securocrat Jake Sullivan. President Joe Biden's national security adviser explained that the era of unconditional support for free markets is over. Industrial policy is returning to the United States. The state will explicitly subsidize "specific industries that are fundamental to economic growth (or) strategic in terms of national security," Sullivan explained. That principle is at the heart of the Biden administration's two major economic laws in the previous twelve months - the CHIPS and Science Act and the Inflation Reduction Act, which aim to support the U.S. semiconductor industry and green power, respectively.

At the same time, at the international level, free trade is no longer the main goal for the G7 countries, since they were not ready to compete with the BRICS countries and, above all, with China. Now they are forced to close their own markets. Providing supply chains will be a priority over minimizing costs, and bilateral or regional trade agreements will be aimed at supporting foreign and environmental policies. Offshoring will be replaced by friendshoring - the desire to supply parts and industrial goods from friendly countries. Sullivan's 5,000-word speech to the World Trade Organization focused on just three sentences.

In the long run, some argue, the new statism will pay even bigger dividends. As Jacob Soll argues in The Free Market: The History of the Idea, a timely history of the struggle between liberalism and protectionism published in 2022, the era that the world experienced after the collapse of the USSR is an exception. As early as the 17th and 18th centuries, economic politicians such as the French statesman Jean-Baptiste Colbert and the first US Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, recognized the need to restrain the effectiveness of free markets by state support for industries important to national security. Soll notes that even Adam Smith, the Scottish economist who celebrated the "invisible hand" of market forces, advocated for the defence of England's naval industry. Soll, a professor at the University of Southern California, explains that securonomics, not free-market liberalism, was at the heart of most of the great economic growth stories of the past.

The modern global economy, however, faces challenges that Colbert or Hamilton would hardly recognise. One particularly obvious question is whether national security priority aligns with another major economic policy shift of the past two years: an attempt by central banks to normalize monetary policy after more than a decade of ultra-low interest rates.

The transition from market to state in the real economy occurs just as politicians are trying to restore market distribution in the financial sphere. Christine Lagarde, president of the European Central Bank, in April 2023 gave a frank assessment of the serious problems posed by this seemingly inconsistent combination. The enviable results of the independent central banks of the G7 countries in achieving low and stable price inflation targets over the past three decades largely depended on two factors, Lagarde explained.

The first is the easing of supply-side restrictions caused by an inexorable march of trade liberalization and the entry into the global workforce of hundreds of millions of workers from the countries of the former Soviet bloc, China and other emerging markets. This made demand a point of applying forces to inflation, allowing central banks to regulate it with interest rates. The second factor was the dominance of the US dollar in the global financial system. This supported a stable international monetary architecture and a predictable transfer mechanism for central bank policy.

Securonomics is cutting down both of these foundations of the modern central bank. Hard borders, high tariffs and confusing supply chains have put trade disruptions and labor shortages back at the heart of the inflation process, undermining central banks "ability to hold back price increases.

Meanwhile, the dollar-based global financial system is gradually giving way to a more multipolar future. China seeks to internationalize the yuan. The decision by the United States and Europe to impose sanctions on Russia, using central bank reserves and payment systems, accelerated the development of alternatives. Saudi Arabia said it could start accepting oil payments in currencies other than U.S. dollars. None of these events are going to destroy the US dollar. But all of them, ultimately, reduce the effectiveness of the monetary policy of the G7 countries.

Does securonomics herald a new era of investment opportunities, as the newly emboldened policymakers assure us, or are the economists behind the old "Washington Consensus" right that it will lead to collapse? Perhaps the answer lies in both options. "It's all like the 17th and 18th century," says Professor Soll, "which ends with economic innovation, growth - and world war."

The inevitable dependence of small countries on global economic leaders

The main hypothesis is that high long-term economic growth rates can be maintained only on a low basis, forced, among other things, by the demographic factor (high population growth rates).

As the maturity threshold is reached, the barrier to growth is resource, technology, structural and institutional constraints.

For example, in 2024, some of the highest growth rates demonstrate, and Bangladesh Vietnam. Ethiopia However, as the maturity threshold is reached, growth rates inevitably decline.

Almost every example of high growth rates in developing countries is a consequence of participation in the development project, conditional, overlord (USSR until the 1990s, USA and collective West or China).

For example, the rapid rise of Vietnam, Bangladesh and Ethiopia over the past 20 years has been due to integration processes with China, and the high growth rate of Eastern European countries after the collapse of the USSR is due to integration processes with the United States and, above all, with developed Europe, Spydell Finance wrote.

In turn, the rapid development of China from 1980 to 2010 is due to globalization and integration processes with the United States and allies. The same applies to Japan and Korea since the 1950s and 60s.

The development of Africa and the Middle East from 1970 to 1990 is due to integration processes with the USSR and so on.

South America is historically integrated into economic ties with North America (US and Canada).

"Overlord" support mechanisms within the center of power or distributed influence:

• Controlled transfer of technology and competencies (only China, Japan and Korea managed to effectively use it)
• Market Access
• Investment and financing
• Political support
• Integration into Global Production Chains
• Access to the educational system
• Access to production resources.

The problem is that such a model assumes a certain threshold of development, above which you can jump only within the framework of your own transformational capabilities and the sovereignty of the economy.

But for sovereignty, at least a capacious domestic and/or external sales market is necessary, so China was able.

The Battle for Technology, Not Territory

Main article: Research and development (R&D, R&D global market)

By 2023, the world does not wage wars over territories within the framework of the concept of the 19th and early 20th centuries, but the main ones are technology and control over value addition/control over production chains, financial flows and the creation of intellectual property. The battle for better minds and keeping the creative class in the area of ​ ​ its own responsibility becomes the main task that determines economic sovereignty.

In today's world, it is almost impossible to buy technology for any money, at least those technologies that have demand and which bring profit. Technology transfer takes place only inside friendly blocks. Therefore, technologies can only be created by themselves.

Economic and, as a result, political dominance is achieved by those who are able to generate breakthrough technologies by curbing the existing, transitional and future technological order.

Global R&D spending is distributed among a limited number of industries in the so-called "knowledge economy."

The transition to the digital world dictates new laws of the economy

In the industrial and even post-industrial world, the usual concepts describe quite well the logic of the functioning of society and the economy, but not in the information society, Spydell Finance wrote in December 2023.

What are the main trends and features of transformation?

• Deep degree of automation of production and business processes - affects labor productivity, return on capital, return per unit of resources used.

• Improving the quality of management through real-time access to a huge array of information with algorithms for structuring and processing this information. This results in improved accuracy, speed and quality of control.

• Improve resource utilization through better planning, resulting in streamlined business processes, increased efficiency and margins.

• Faster vulnerability search and risk mitigation through the use of advanced information systems and management risk algorithms.

• Increase the speed of progress with the power of computing resources, high software development and the use of AI.

• Improving education and skills of the workforce. Technology provides new opportunities for education and training, which contributes to the development of a skilled workforce.

All this collectively creates a kind of safe and high-margin environment that does not work according to the economic rules of the analog world.

The greater the shift to the digital world, the greater the integral resilience by reducing costs, improving quality, accuracy and speed of management/decision-making, and increasing overall efficiency. The main features of this business: lack of debt, ultra-high margins, prohibitive income per employee and double-digit growth rates.

At the same time, in 2024 there remains a fairly significant layer of the traditional economy, which is vulnerable and has a full range of problems. The main features: high debt burden, low margin, low return on capital, low wages, zero growth rates.

The higher the share of the digital economy, the higher the ability of the transmission of superannuation along the pyramid of resources to weaker links in the chain.

Global debt

Main article: World debt

Money supply

2025: M1 in China - $16 trillion, which is twice as much as in the United States

China is driving global money supply growth.

The money supply of M1 China in 2025 exceeded $16 trillion and now amounts to 37% of the world volume. At the same time, in the United States it is about half as much - $8 trillion, which corresponds to 18% of the world figure.

M1 is one measure of the money supply. It includes cash in circulation and funds in checking accounts that people and companies can spend right away.

2024: Rise to record $107 trillion

In October 2024, the global money supply reached an all-time high of $107 trillion.

World GDP

Main item: GDP - Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

2025: World's Largest Economies

In March 2026, TAdviser produced an infographic showing the countries with the highest GDP figures. The material is based on data from RIA Novosti and national statistical services.

According to Rosstat, the volume of the Russian economy at the end of 2025 reached 213.5 trillion rubles, which in nominal terms corresponds to $2.556 trillion. This indicator allowed the country to occupy the eighth line in the ranking of the largest economies in the world in terms of GDP. The return to the top ten occurred for the first time since 2022, when Russia's GDP was $2.3 trillion.

At the end of 2025, the Russian Federation managed to get ahead of Italy ($2.553 trillion) and Canada ($2.35 trillion). Russian President Vladimir Putin in December 2025 said that Russia's GDP growth in three years reached almost 10%.

The first place in the ranking is retained USA with a GDP indicator of $30.8 trillion for 2025. This is followed by (China $19.8 trillion) and (Germany $5.05 trillion). It occupies the fourth position Japan with GDP of $4.4 trillion, closes the top five, whose India economy is tentatively estimated at $3.9 trillion.

The economies of the member states of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in 2025 showed growth of 1.7% after an increase of 1.2% in the previous year and 1.1% in 2023. In Ireland, in 2025, the highest economic growth rates were recorded - 12.6%.

According to preliminary data from the World Bank (WB), the volume of global GDP in 2025 grew by 2.7%. While the "developing countries" (the WB uses just such a wording for them) showed steady growth of 4.1%, the locomotives of the global economy showed multidirectional dynamics: US GDP increased by 2.3%, China's economy slowed to 4.5%, and the eurozone showed a modest rise of 1%.^[1]

2023: Global GDP growth of 2.6%

Global economic growth in the first half of the 2020s may be the weakest in 30 years, the World Bank wrote in January 2024. World GDP in 2024, according to the bank's forecast, will grow by 2.4%, in 2025 by 2.7%. At the end of 2023, it amounted to 2.6%.

Since 2020, in a short period of time (only 4 years), a double economic shock has occurred: the COVID-19 crisis in 2020, the uneven recovery in 2021 in the countries of the world and the inflation shock of 2022-2023, the energy crisis in the countries of oil importers and the partial implementation of the debt crisis 2022. In Russia, the sanctions shock 2022 and subsequent events.

Although the average annual growth rate decreased in most countries compared to 2010-2019, the economic results turned out to be surprisingly strong - almost everything is in the black, which is primarily due to powerful and extraordinary stimulating measures 2020-2021 and increased state budget deficits for this period.

Among the leading 50 countries of the world in terms of GDP, only 3 countries are in the red (2023 compared to 2019): Iraq - 6.5%, Thailand - 0.4%, Czech Republic - 0.3%. Ukraine, obviously, is not taken into account due to hostilities and the inability to accurately calculate GDP.

In Russia, an increase of 5.6%.

GDP growth from 2020 to 2023 among countries neutral to the Russian Federation:

• Bangladesh - 25.6%,
• Turkey - 25.2% (the adequacy of calculating real GDP is a big question),
• China - 20.2%,
• Vietnam - 19.8%,
• India - 19.2%,
• Egypt - 18.3%,
• Iran - 17.6%,
• Indonesia - 12.4%,
• Pakistan - 11.1%,
• Nigeria - 8.1%
• Saudi Arabia - 8.1%
• Brazil - 7.4%,
• Mexico - 3.7%,
• SOUTH AFRICA - 0.9%.

It is possible to note very high growth rates in Israel - 17%, Taiwan - 14.7% and Singapore - 10.7%.

Among other countries, the accumulated GDP growth for 4 years amounted to: USA - 8.1%, - Japan 1.2%, - Germany 0.7%, - Britain 1.8%, - France 1.7%, - 3.5 Italy %, - 7.7% South Korea , - 4.9%, Canada - 2.5%, Spain - 9.5%, - 6.6%, Australia Netherlands - 6.6%, - Switzerland 5.8%. Belgium

GDP growth for 4 years among developing countries from the unfriendly camp to the Russian Federation: Poland - 10.5%, Romania - 8.7%, Hungary - 5.9%, Greece - 5.8%.

The implementation of crisis processes is not yet taking place, the global economy is relatively stable.

2022

Estimate of the volume of world GDP - $101.6 trillion

The share of the United States and its allies in global GDP on PPP fell to 43% due to the growth of China, India and Indonesia

The weight and importance of countries unfriendly to Russia is steadily decreasing - this is an indisputable fact. After the collapse of the USSR, unfriendly countries formed 59% of world GDP at purchasing power parity, and this share remained relatively stable until the beginning of the 21st century.

It took 10 years for the world to "grope" new balances and build a configuration for organic leading growth. From the end of 1999 to 2010, the share of unfriendly countries in global GDP dropped sharply from 58 to 47%! Almost 1 pp per year - very high rates.

Over these 10-11 years, African countries increased their share in world GDP by 0.62 percentage points, the countries of the Middle East, taking into account Pakistan, increased their share by 0.67 percentage points, Russia and the CIS countries, including Ukraine and Georgia, increased their share by 0.9 percentage points largely due to the monstrously low base of 1999 (the bottom of the ten-year crisis).

Latin America, taking into account Mexico, reduced its share by 0.67 percentage points, and the main contribution to increasing importance in the global economy was made by "Asian monsters" - China, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam, increased importance by 9 percentage points (!), According to the IMF and Spydell Finance's own calculations.

In 2011, the Arab Spring occurred, triggering related processes for many years. As a result, Africa and the Middle East significantly lost momentum. From 2010 to 2022, Africa lost a share of 0.17pp, and even then due to population growth, while the quality of growth deteriorated sharply. The Middle East and Latin America lost a share of 1.3 percentage points! Russia and the CIS countries minus 0.7 pp, and Asian monsters plus 7 pp.

It is curious that from 2012 to 2018, unfriendly countries remained important in the global economy due to the post-crisis recovery and fragmentation of the Middle East, Africa, Eastern Europe after a series of events on political destabilization, sanctions and restrictions on technological cooperation with Western countries.

At the end of 2022, unfriendly countries occupy 43% of world GDP and lose their share due to the advanced development of Asia - mainly China.

G7 countries must accept that they cannot govern the world. American hegemony and the group's economic dominance have gone down in history, the Financial Times wrote in May 2023.

The share of Russia in world GDP dropped to 2.87% - this is at least since 1998. In 1990, the RSFSR had a share of 5.1%. In 2000, climbing began with 3%, in 2008 - recovered to 3.7%, before the Crimea it was 3.5%, and before the SVO about 3-3.1%.

2.8% is, of course, very little. The trend shows that Russia has not increased its economic influence in relation to the world since 1998, but here, with what focus to look at?

If we take the largest developing countries, Brazil, Mexico and South Africa record their 30 summer lows. Saudi Arabia and Iran are in the stabilization phase, but at 30-year lows.

In Iran, it is clearly visible how sanctions and isolation affected, when since 2012 Iran has rapidly reduced its share of world GDP from 1.5 to 0.9-1%, with compression occurring for 7 years, and COVID-19 and the energy crisis allowed Iran to stabilize the economic situation relatively global.

Thailand is in a difficult situation, where the post-covid effect led to a contraction of the economy to 0.9% - a 30-year minimum.

Population growth does not affect Nigeria's weight gain (since 2015 in the "compression" phase), because the quality of growth is disgusting, too tied to the energy sector.

With China, everything is clear - from 4% in the early 90s to 19% by 2022, but in 2022 the first significant scrap of growth momentum. On the other hand, India is intercepting growth and increasing its presence in the global economy.

The success story can be noted in, in Turkey, Indonesia and Philippines especially should be noted, Vietnam which is growing according to the "Chinese model." Labor China in is becoming too expensive and low-cost and labor-intensive production China is throwing into Vietnam.

A good situation in Malaysia, which at a high base retains its presence in the global economy, that is, it is growing at the pace of the global economy, but without advanced development.

Growth in Bangladesh - base effect and population.

Deceleration forecast for decades due to slowing population growth

On the horizon until 2075, the global economy will slow, economists at Goldman Sachs said in December 2022. This is due to a decrease in population growth. Over the past half century, the number of people on the planet has increased by 2% per year, but now the growth has decreased to less than 1%. And by 2075, this figure will fall to almost zero, while reducing the growth rate of labor productivity.

2021: Up 5.9%

2020: 3.3% decline

In 2020, global GDP due to the COVID-19 pandemic decreased by 3.3%.

2018

Dynamics of global economic growth over 3 thousand years

BRICS countries lead in share in the global economy

Taking a share of the world GDP on the PPP of the G20 countries from the IMF website, the following picture is obtained: if in the early 1990s the G7 countries gave about half of the world GDP, then in 2018 - only 30%, and the BRICS is already ahead of them in this.

However, all this is primarily due to China and India. China can already compete not only with other countries, but also with the associations of countries.

Inflation

• Inflation
• Helicopter money

The degree of penetration of states into the economy

How can you assess the depth of integration states into the economy? The most universal indicator is the expenditure of the consolidated budget to, GDP which will allow for cross-country comparison.

In Russia, the concentration of the state in the economy is 37.3%, which is comparable to the United States - 37.5%. The closest analogue among large countries in terms of state participation is Australia -38%.

In Russia, the share of the state by 2024 increased exclusively due to spending on defense and national security, excluding the factor of military special operations in Ukraine, the share of state participation is lower than in 2017-2019 (33.7%).

In Europe, state participation in economic processes is incomparably higher:

• in France - 57.4%,
• in Italy - 50.6%,
• in Poland - 49%,
• in Germany - 48.2%,
• in Britain - 47.4%,
• in Spain - 44.8%,
• in the Netherlands - 44.2%.

In Europe, the lowest share of the state in Switzerland is 31.6% due to the overload of the economy with superannuation of the private sector (mainly finance and biotech), Spydell Finance wrote.

Socialist states of Europe, where taxes are very high, but also a high concentration of social programs and spending on the development of human capital (education, health, culture and sports).

Among Asian countries, the Middle East and Africa, the state has traditionally shown low participation in economic processes due to the specifics of the functioning of state institutions, the structure of the economy and society.

In African countries, the typical range of government spending in GDP is from 10 to 25%. In order to allocate a lot of state resources, it is necessary to collect a lot, and for this political will alone is not enough, the corresponding development of state institutions and the economy is necessary.

In the most progressive part of Asia, the share of the state has a steady trend towards growth, especially in China - 33.9%, in India - 29%, and in Indonesia mainly a reduction - only 16.9%.

How rich you are compared to others

Main article: Welfare in the world

The largest companies in the world

Main article: The largest companies in the world

Stock market

• Stock market of Russia
• US stock market

2024

The US accounts for half of the world's most expensive companies

At the end of 2024, American firms dominate half of the most expensive companies in the world.

No European company is in the global top 10 by market capitalization.

Start of BRICS Clear depository system for BRICS countries

In October 2024, Russian Finance Minister Anton Siluanov announced the start of work on the creation of the BRICS Clear depository system for the BRICS countries.

2023: Need for a BRICS depository

Moscow Exchange considers it possible to create an international depository, the founder of which could be one of the BRICS institutions, Sergey Shvetsov, chairman of the supervisory board of the Moscow Exchange, told reporters in June 2023.

Today there are three central international depositories - Bank of New York, Clearstream and Euroclear, he recalled. "You need to create an alternative. Because when monopoly is used by some states as a method of influencing others, it is wrong. If states are not ready for infrastructure to be neutral, then there should be infrastructure competition. "

2018: Capitalization of stock markets of countries of the world

The leaders are the North American and Asian regions, accounting for almost 70% of the total capitalization.

The highest capitalization has US stock markets 30.4 trillion dollars, China 6.32 trillion, Japan 5.3 trillion.

Russian stock markets operate at 0.58 trillion.

2017: Shareholder Structure: Funds, States, Families

For 2017, institutional investors (mutual and pension funds, insurance companies) own shares, which account for 41% of the market capitalization in the world, follows from a new OECD report. In the United States, such structures account for 60% of all investments, they also dominate the markets of Great Britain and Canada. The authors of the study note that funds mainly practice passive investment based on indices without analyzing specific companies. This weakens one of the key functions of the stock market - to assess the activities of issuers and provide new companies with capital that would contribute to their growth.

In total, at the end of 2017, there were 41 thousand publicly traded companies in the world, their total value was estimated at $84 trillion. The OECD report used data on 10 thousand companies in 54 markets (approximately 90% of global capitalization). The largest market is American (36% of capitalization), followed by China (12%). Next - Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, United Kingdom. Russia ranked 20th in this list - between Brazil and Singapore.

The second largest category of investors after institutional ones is government structures (14% of capitalization). First of all, these are central and regional governments, then sovereign and pension funds, state-owned companies.

In 8% of all companies placed on the markets, at least half of the shares are held by such structures - their total investments amount to $10 trillion. At the same time, investments of this sector in China account for 57% of the world capitalization volume owned by government agencies. The state is an important player in the markets of Saudi Arabia, Malaysia and Norway - there its share ranges from 34% to 46% (in the Russian Federation it is estimated at 32%).

The remaining large categories of investors - private corporations (including holdings), strategic individual investors (families) - account for a total of 18% of capitalization.

World trade

The main articles are:

• World trade
• Online commerce in the world

Shadow economy

Main article: Shadow economy

Unemployment

2023: World record unemployment rate of 4.96%

At the end of 2023, global unemployment fell to a record 4.96% from 5.26% a year earlier. This is evidenced by the data of the analytical company Statista, which TAdviser got acquainted with in November 2024.

As the researchers clarify, they understand the unemployment rate as the share of people who are actively looking for work in relation to the total labor force in a particular country. The indicator does not include economically inactive persons, such as children, pensioners or long-term unemployed.

Net lending

Net lending is the difference between the accumulation of assets and liabilities of countries, and in order to cover the current account deficit, one must have net international lending, i.e. borrow more than invest in outside.

2023: Europe dominates in net lending, US dominates in accumulated investment

The net supplier of capital to the international market is. From Europe 2010 to 2023, net lending exceeds $8 trillion, and from the beginning of 2020 almost $2.8 trillion.

In Europe, the leading capital providers since 2010 are:

• Germany - $3.8 trillion,
• Netherlands - $1.1 trillion,
• Norway - $0.83 trillion,
• Switzerland - $0.75 trillion,
• Denmark - $0.42 trillion,
• Sweden - $0.36 trillion,
• Italy - $0.3 trillion,
• Spain - $0.18 trillion,
• Austria and Ireland at $0.1 trillion.

Outside Europe, the leaders from 2010 to 2023 are:

• China - $3.1 trillion,
• Japan - $2 trillion,
• Russia - $1.1 trillion,
• Taiwan - $1 trillion,
• South Korea - $0.9 trillion,
• Singapore - $0.9 trillion,
• Saudi Arabia - $0.87 trillion,
• UAE - $0.56 trillion,
• Kuwait - $0.5 trillion,
• Qatar - $0.4 trillion,
• Hong Kong - $0.25 trillion,
• Iran - $0.24 trillion,
• Malaysia, Thailand and Israel at $0.2 trillion.

Here are all these trillions rushing mostly to, USA,, and Britain. Canada Australia

Not to confuse net lending with gross investment. For example, in terms of gross investment, the world leaders are the United States, Britain, Japan and Germany.

The accumulated foreign assets of the United States within the framework of the international investment position are 23 times more than in Russia ($34 trillion vs $1.5 trillion), and international assets excluding ZVR are 33 times more ($33 trillion vs $1 trillion).

The creation of tension points in geopolitics and geo-economics is one of the most effective methods of rapidly concentrating international capital primarily in the United States and Britain, as the main beneficiaries of chaos in the global capital market.

The wider the STO deficit, the lower the stability of the system, since in any circumstances it is necessary to concentrate the capital of non-residents, and the maximum ability to expand the STO deficit directly rests on the ability of creditors to accumulate the STO surplus.

Countries that have a current account surplus have a certain maneuver to balance foreign economic and foreign policy activities.

Countries with current account deficits can be conditionally, either under the United States or under China. Why? More than 95% of global cross-border investment is shaped by the United States and allies plus China alone.

The most vulnerable developing countries, highly dependent on international investors, for 2023 include Turkey Brazil India:,,,,,,. Egypt Pakistan Colombia If there REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA is not enough inflow of capital of international investors, currency gaps are closed through a decrease in COR.

Any misfire is immediately out of the game, Spydell Finance wrote, because the accumulated COR may not be enough to balance the STO deficit, which is why dependence on international investors in a sense determines foreign policy (positioning in the international arena).

Foreign investment

Sovereign Wealth Funds

Main article: Sovereign Wealth Funds

Foreign direct investment in the world

Main article: Foreign direct investment in the world

Manpower

2025: The share of the world's working-age population has shrunk to 55%

The proportion of people aged 15 to 64 in the global population has fallen by 20 percentage points since 1960 and is now 55%.

During this period, the largest decline was recorded in China - minus 36 percentage points, to 44%.

In the United States, the share of the working-age population decreased by 13 percentage points, to 54%.

On the other hand, the EU saw an increase of 2 percentage points, to 57%.

Overall, the number of countries with shrinking working-age populations has increased by 48 since 1980 to reach 50. That number is expected to rise to 77 countries by 2040.

Demographic change will be a major obstacle to the growth of the world's advanced economies.

2020:12 million fewer labour force in Europe over 10 years

The number of people of working age, between the ages of 20 and 64, peaked in Europe in 2010. By the beginning of 2020, there were almost 12 million fewer people in this group than a decade earlier.

By 2035, Europe will have about 50 million fewer working-age people than it did in 2010. At the beginning of 2020, Europe is the only region in the world in which there is a decrease in the labor force.

Salaries in the world

Main article: Salaries in the world

Lending to the population

2020: Record low mortgage rates

Consumption in the world

Main article: Consumption in the world

Food

Main article: Food (world market)

Real estate

Main article: Real estate (global market)

Industry markets

Commodities

Main article: Commodities (global market)

Power

Main article: World power

Oil and gas production

Main article: Oil production in the world

• Oil prices

Gasoline prices

Main article: Gasoline prices

Metals

• Metallurgy in the world
• Metals (Global Market)

Chemical industry

Main article: Chemical industry in the world

Textile industry in the world

Main article: Textile industry in the world

Agriculture

Main article: Agriculture (world market)

Banks in the world

Main article: Banks in the world

Economies of countries

Asia

• Economy of Azerbaijan
• Economy of Armenia
• Economy of Vietnam
• Economy of Georgia
• Economy of India
• Economy of Indonesia
• Economy of Kazakhstan
• China's economy
• Economy of Malaysia
• Economy of Pakistan
• Russian economy
• North Korea's economy
• Economy of Tajikistan
• Economy of Thailand
• Economy of Taiwan
• Economy of the Philippines
• Economy of South Korea

Africa

• Economy of Algeria
• Economy of Burkina Faso
• DR Congo's economy
• Economy of Egypt
• Economy of Zimbabwe
• Economy of Libya
• Economy of Mali
• Economy of Nigeria
• Economy of Sudan
• Uganda economy
• Economy of Ethiopia
• Economy of South Sudan

Middle East

• Economy of Israel
• Economy of Iraq
• Economy of Iran
• UAE economy
• Saudi economy

South America

• Brazil's economy
• Economy of Peru
• Economy of Chile

Europe

• Economy of Belarus
• Economy of Bulgaria
• UK economy
• German economy
• Economy of Greece
• Economy of the European Union
• Economy of Spain
• Economy of Ireland
• Economy of Cyprus
• Economy of Latvia
• Economy of Lithuania
• Economy of the Netherlands
• Economy of Norway
• Economy of Poland
• Economy of Portugal
• Russian economy
• Economy of Romania
• Economy of Serbia
• Economy of Slovakia
• Economy of Ukraine
• Economy of Finland
• Economy of France
• Economy of Croatia
• Economy of Sweden
• Economy of Estonia

North America

• Economy of Canada
• US economy

Australia and Oceania

• Economy of Australia

Chronicle

2023: WTO: Sanctions against Russia reduce the welfare of most economies in the world

On September 12, 2023, the World Trade Organization (WTO) released a report that, among other things, refers to the impact of anti-Russian sanctions on the global economy. Analysts also warned of the risks of fragmentation of the global economy and its division into blocks due to the restrictions imposed. Read more here.

Notes