Lending in Russia

Main article: Russian economy

Credit history

Main article Credit history

Credit scoring

Main article Credit scoring

Business lending

Main article: Lending to business (legal entities) in Russia

Credit fraud

Main article: Credit fraud

Lending to individuals

Mortgage in Russia

Main article: Mortgage in Russia

• Overdue mortgage debt

Car loans in Russia

Main article: Car loans in Russia

Credit cards

Main article: Credit cards (Russian market)

Consumer loans

Main article: Consumer loans in Russia

Education credits

Main article: Loans for education in Russia

Overdue loans

Main article: Overdue loans in Russia

• Overdue mortgage debt
• Debt for housing and communal services
• Telecommunications debt

Installment services in Russia

Main article: Installment Services (BNPL) in Russia

History

2024: The expansion of lending to individuals is at a record pace: + 1.1 trillion rubles in the first quarter to 34.8 trillion

The next lending record is 571 billion net growth in March 2024, which is higher than any March in history and 16% higher than the previous high last year (493 billion rubles).

Since the beginning of the year, an increase of 1.1 trillion and this is again another record compared to 0.9 trillion in 1q23, 0.7 trillion in 1q22 and 0.9 in 1q21.

The loan portfolio exceeded 34.8 trillion, which is 6.5 trillion higher than last year and plus 9.7 trillion in two years.

In the structure of the loan portfolio, mortgage loans (primary, secondary, private houses) account for 18.6 trillion.

In March, mortgage loans grew by 228 billion vs 298 billion a year earlier, and in 1Q24 - 466 billion vs 590 billion in 1Q23, 670 billion in 1Q22, 503 billion in 1Q21.

The gross volume of issuance increased by 34%, to 447 billion from 333 billion in February, almost entirely due to mortgages with state support (+ 50%), which is not affected by high rates in the market. Market mortgages grew weakly (+ 5%), and since the beginning of the year they accounted for only ~ 30% of all loans.

This time, the Bank of Russia did not disclose the details of consumer and car loans, providing only limited aggregated data with a total increase of 343 billion (the second best result in history after August 2023 - 376 billion), which is much higher than March last year (+ 78% to 193 billion).

For 1q24, consumer and car loans grew by a record 0.7 trillion vs 0.34 trillion in 1q23, zero in 1q22 and 0.39 trillion in 1q21.

Mortgage lending slowed down largely due to compulsory regulatory measures (tightening lending standards), while in consumer lending there is more room for banks to maneuver - there are records.

A slight slowdown in January-February (seasonal effect) was fully offset by a strong credit impulse in March.

We can say that six months later, the measures of the Bank of Russia did not cool down lending in Russia in any way, which postpones the time for easing the monetary policy.

2023: The boom in credit activity of citizens while maintaining a very low level of debt burden - only 23% of GDP

Results of credit activity of individuals for 2023 by net growth:

• Mortgage loans: 4.1 trillion rubles in 2023 vs 2 trillion in 2022 and 2.5 trillion rubles in 2021
• Consumer loans: 1.6 trillion in 2023 vs 0.3 trillion in 2022 and 2 trillion rubles in 2021
• Car loans: 0.5 trillion in 2023 vs reduction by 47 billion in 2022 and growth by 228 billion rubles in 2021
• Total loans: RUB 6.3 trillion vs 2.4 trillion and RUB 4.7 trillion, respectively.

Over the period from 2009 to 2023, the credit activity of citizens has significantly increased in Russia, experts from the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM) said, having studied the results of the corresponding survey. During this time, the number of families with active ships and loans increased from 26% to 46%. Read more here.

2022

The total ruble debt for the entire existence of Russia is 80.3 trillion rubles, of which 44.1 trillion are bank loans to companies and 28.4 trillion to the population

80.3 trillion rubles - just such a ruble debt was created by the Russian financial system for the entire period of its existence at the end of 2022.

In the structure of this debt, 51.9 trillion rubles (44.1 trillion bank loans + 7.8 trillion corporate ruble bonds) were distributed among the non-financial sector in Russia (companies) and another 28.4 trillion rubles among the population (all types of lending in favor of individuals).

The average number of retail loans per Russian borrower amounted to 2.3 loans

According to 4,000 lenders transmitting information to the National Bureau of Credit Histories (NBCH), in December 2022, the average number of existing loans from a Russian borrower amounted to 2.3 units, a slight increase over the past year - by 0.1 units. (in December 2021 - 2.2 loans). The largest number of loans per borrower falls on the age range of citizens from 25 to 30 years old - 2.6 loans, while the lowest value of this indicator was noted among borrowers over 65 years old (1.8 loans). The NBCH reported this on January 19, 2023. (Table 1).

At the same time, in 2022, this indicator grew primarily in the age ranges of borrowers under 50 years old, and the largest increase was also noted in the group of citizens from 25 to 30 years old (+ 0.2 units). In age ranges younger than 25 years, from 30 to 50 years, as well as from 60 to 65 years, the growth was slightly less significant (+ 0.1 units). In other age groups, the average number of loans per borrower remained unchanged.

The largest average number of retail loans per borrower in the regions of the Russian Federation in December 2022 was noted in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (2.4 loans). In a number of regions, including the Leningrad, Moscow, Novosibirsk, Tyumen, Irkutsk and Kemerovo regions, Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Republics of Sakha (Yakutia) and Khakassia, as well as the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, this indicator was at the level of 2.3 loans. In turn, the smallest number of loans per borrower was recorded in the Chechen Republic, the republics of Crimea and Ingushetia, Sevastopol ( in all regions - 1.6 loans each) and the Republic of Dagestan ( 1.7 loans). In Moscow and St. Petersburg, this indicator is at the level of 2.2 loans per borrower.

It is worth noting that compared to the same period in 2021 in December 2022, the growth of the average number of loans per borrower (+ 0.1 units) was demonstrated by 19 Russian regions, including such large and credit-active entities of the Russian Federation as the Moscow and Leningrad regions, Krasnoyarsk and Stavropol Territories, Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. At the same time, this indicator remained unchanged in all other regions of the Russian Federation (Table 2).

The insignificant dynamics of the average indicator of the number of loans per borrower indicates that the external situation did not have a significant impact on the retail lending market, "said to marketing Aleksei Volkov, NBCH Director. - After the recession in March-April 2022, then, as the key rate fell Bank of Russia and market rates fell, lending population gradually recovered. Moreover, this happened, despite rather conservative credit policies banks and moderate credit activity of citizens who, against the background of general uncertainty, did not seek to increase their obligations. It is important to note that the determining criterion when banks decide to issue new loans and their parameters is still the value of the borrower's Personal Credit Rating (RCC).

Banks approve 26% of private customer loan applications

According to 4,000 lenders transmitting information to the National Bureau of Credit Histories (NBCH), in 2022 banks approved 26% of loan applications from private customers (in 2021 this figure was 7 percentage points higher - 33%). The approval rate indicates a low risk appetite among banks and a change in the credit risk profile of loan applicants.

Throughout 2022, the level of approval of loan applications by banks correlated with the value of the applicant's Personal Credit Rating (RCC) (see chart 1).

Chart 1. The dynamics of the approval rate of loan applications and the average value of the applicant's RCC in 2022.

Throughout the year, banks maintained a low appetite for risk, but promptly responded to a change in consumer demand in its various ranges. It should be noted that the principles of decision-making by banks are becoming more and more understandable to borrowers. In 2022, many citizens got acquainted with their Personal Credit Rating (PCR) on the NBCH website, where it is available free of charge and without restrictions, and, based on the information received, were able to make a more balanced decision on obtaining a particular loan[1] clients.

87% of loans to individuals - mortgage

Loans to individuals from July to November 2022 grew at an average rate of 317 billion per month (in November, the pace remains at a high level) - this is below the lending boom in 2021, when the average monthly growth rate was 390 billion.

In the first 11 months of 2022, consumer lending grew by 2 trillion compared to 4.3 trillion in 2021, but the first half of the year was difficult, while compensation has been going on since July.

In the structure of growth in January-November 2022, almost 1.8 trillion are mortgage loans or 87% of the total increase compared to 53% in 2021, i.e. all growth has shifted sharply to mortgage loans.

Car loans have been killed due to the exodus of foreign car suppliers from Russia and are declining (in 2021, the average monthly growth by 20 billion), and unsecured consumer loans are growing by 100-115 billion per month from July to November, compared with 165 billion pre-crisis rates.

In the first 11 months, an increase of 312 billion compared to 1.9 trillion in 2021.

The debt burden of Russians decreased for the first time in 7 years to 11.4% of disposable income

The debt burden of Russians in the second quarter of 2022 for the first time in 7 years decreased to 11.4% of disposable incomes of the population, the Bank of Russia said.

The most positive aspect was that the decrease in the debt burden of citizens occurred against the background of a reduction in debt on unsecured consumer loans.

2021

The issuance of cash loans in Russia increased by 37%, to 6.9 trillion rubles

In 2021, Russians were issued cash loans in the total amount of 6.9 trillion rubles, which is a record figure that is 37% higher than the result of 2020. VTB analysts reported this on January 18, 2022.

VTB presented data on the entire lending market. At the same time, in the bank itself in 2021, the population received 1.6 million cash loans in the amount of 1.3 trillion rubles (1.5 times more than in 2020).

According to VTB experts, non-targeted loans remain one of the most sought-after retail products. In 2022, the consumer lending market will face a new phase of development in connection with the tightening of monetary policy by the Bank of Russia and the introduction of additional restrictions by the regulator, which may adjust the volume indicators of the market, VTB believes.

According to the analytical company Frank RG, in 2021, Russian banks issued loans to the population for 14.1 trillion rubles, which is an absolute record. This result is 33% higher than in 2020 (10.6 trillion rubles) and only slightly less than the total volume of loans issued for 2017-2018 (about 14.6 trillion rubles). The increase in issuance occurred in all retail segments, both in monetary terms and in the number of loans issued. Most of the loans issued in 2021 fell on cash loans (6.88 trillion rubles), calculated in Frank RG.

In 2021, the Bank of Russia repeatedly pointed out signs of overheating in unsecured lending. The regulator has twice raised macroprudential premiums for banks on unsecured loans, which increase pressure on banks' capital when lending to riskier borrowers. In addition, the Central Bank has achieved the right to introduce direct quantitative restrictions on the issuance of some types of loans.^[2]

The credit health index of Russians amounted to 98 points

The National Bureau of Credit Histories (NBCH) and FICO state that in the 3rd quarter of 2021, the Credit Health Index (FICO Credit Health Index) amounted to 98 points (pp), an increase of 1 point compared to the same period in 2020 (in 3 sq. 2020 - 97 pp). At the same time, compared to the previous quarter, it, by contrast, decreased by 1 point (Table 1). NKBI reported this on November 9, 2021.

Table 1. Credit Health Index Dynamics (FICO® Credit Health Index)

Chart 1. Dynamics of the Index of Credit Health of Citizens of the Russian Federation in 2008-2021, in points

In turn, the share of borrowers experiencing difficulties with debt servicing (bad rate) in the country in the 3rd quarter of 2021 decreased compared to the same period in 2020 - from 12.43% to 12.00% (-0.43 percentage points).

The NBCH also analyzed data on lending to the population in all federal districts (FO) of Russia (Table 2). And all of them saw a rise in the Credit Health Index compared to Q3 2020. At the same time, in the Central Federal District, this indicator increased the most - by 2 points (pp.). In all other federal districts, the growth for the year was 1 point.

Table 2. Credit Health Index Values for Federal Districts of the Russian Federation

As of October 1, 2021, in three federal districts of the Russian Federation, the value of the Index was higher than the all-Russian indicator. The leader is the Central Federal District - 104 points. Following him are the North-West (101 pp) and Volga (100 pp) federal districts. In turn, in the Far East (97 pp), Ural (97 pp), South (97 pp), Siberian (93 pp) and North Caucasus Federal District (90 pp), the credit health index was below the national average.

The calculation takes into account the share of "bad" debts among their total number (bad rate). At the same time, loans overdue for more than 60 days over the past six months are considered "bad." The first bad rate value is set as the initial index value of 100. The index is scaled in such a way that its decrease by 20 points means doubling bad rate, and an increase by 20 points means reducing bad rate by 2 times.

A slight decrease in the Credit Health Index of Russian borrowers followed 1.5 years of its growth. However, this is still a fairly good indicator, indicating that banks carefully control the situation with the credit risks of their clients, despite the not the simplest economic situation in the country and the world, "said NBCH General Director Alexander Vikulin. - Compared to the same indicator in 2020, the credit health of Russian borrowers has slightly improved, and the share of those who experience difficulties with debt servicing (bad rate) has decreased. This was largely due to the restructuring of "problem" debts by banks. Without it, an improvement in this indicator could hardly be possible. In general, in 2020-2021 banks implement a fairly conservative policy, issuing loans mainly to those citizens whose debt burden indicators are at an acceptable level.

Russians owe banks almost 24 trillion rubles

On August 11, 2021, information appeared that as of July 1, 2021, the total debt of individuals to banks reached 23.969 trillion rubles.

Since the beginning of the year, the debt has grown by 2.3 trillion rubles, and from July 1, 2020 - by 4.06 trillion rubles. Such statistics are provided by the Central Bank.

According to Frank RG analysts, in July, Russian banks approved loans to the population for 1.17 trillion rubles. This is 9.5% less than in June, then the figure was 1.294 trillion rubles. The record was recorded in April - 1.298 trillion rubles.

According to the United Credit Bureau (OKB), in June Russian banks issued 1.7 million consumer loans, which became an absolute record for the number of approved applications. Compared to the same period in 2020, the number of issues increased by 53%, from May - by 8%. Analysts linked this to the decision of the Central Bank since July to increase premiums to risk ratios for unsecured consumer loans and the seasonal factor.^[3]

For six months, 11.9 million citizens received loans to MFOs for 200 billion rubles

By July 2021, 16% of the population or 11.9 million citizens received loans from microfinance companies. This is 2.26 million more than in January. In the first half of the year, they occupied almost 200 billion rubles. The MFI market is growing several times faster than banking retail. MFI loans are often issued at 350% per annum.

2020

Bailiffs intend to recover 482 billion rubles from Russians in favor of banks

On July 6, 2021, it became known that bailiffs plan to collect almost half a trillion rubles from malicious defaulters on loans, or a third more than in 2020, the FSSP told Izvestia.

For five months, 3.7 million cases were initiated to recover debts from individuals in favor. By banks June 1, the most such defaulters were Krasnodar in and, Krasnoyarsk Territory Bashkiria as well as in and. Sverdlovsk The Chelyabinsk regions financial organizations noted an increase in the return of debts on loans to individuals through the court, predicting an increase in the number of such cases in the future.

According to current ones, to data CENTRAL BANK as of June 1, 2021, the volume of overdue debt on loans to individuals reached 992 billion rubles, or 134 billion more than a year ago. At the same time, the share of delinquency in the retail portfolio of banks at the beginning of summer amounted to 4.5% against 4.7% of last year.

The President NAPKA Elman Mehdiyev noted that the pandemic affected the financial situation of the Russians and their ability to service their loan obligations on time, coronavirus as well as the related restrictions^[4]

Slowdown in cash lending in September

NAPKA: Debtors began to refer to financial difficulties more often

On May 6, 2020, the company NAPKA announced that the events of the last month had an impact on the solvency of the population. Borrowers with one or more unsecured loans were the first to be at risk. According to statistics, such clients in May 2020 are already about 28 million people, that is, about 40% of the economically active population. Time will tell whether they will be able to continue to service the previously undertaken obligations. According to NAPKA forecasts, if support from the outside governments works, the number of debtors who are overdue should not exceed 5.7 million people against 5.2 million in May 2020.

However, according to NAPKA, if we talk about those who have previously experienced problems with payments and have an overdue loan on hand, then the situation here is more complicated.

In 2019, about 50% of debtors referred to financial difficulties. Moreover, financial difficulties were caused by various reasons: falling income levels (30%), inability to cope with their credit burden (20%), loss of work (18%), lack of free funds due to rising prices (17%), family circumstances (5%), unplanned acquisitions (10%).

At the beginning of May 2020, the share of those who refer to financial difficulties increased by 10 percentage points. and is about 60%: falling income level (40%), inability to cope with their credit burden (10%), job loss (30%), lack of free funds due to rising prices (20%). Despite the fact that the debtors themselves directly refer to the coronavirus in fact only in isolated cases - no more than 1%, however, the company notes that the pandemic has become a powerful factor that negatively affected debtors.

As of May 2020, we did not record a surge in appeals regarding the provision of credit holidays or a decrease in the amount of the monthly payment. This was influenced by several factors. As a rule, the monthly payment to the collection agency operating under the cession agreement is less than the bank, and is already at a level acceptable to the debtor. Secondly, it is quite possible that customers have a certain reserve of funds that allows them to continue to repay the debt in full. If the situation with the self-isolation regime lasts another 1.5-2 months, then the number of applications will increase and may amount to 20% of all debtors by the end of 2020. told Elman Mehdiyev, President of SRO NAPKA

The largest loans are taken in Moscow and St. Petersburg

On January 27, 2020, Raiffeisen Bank announced that, as shown by a study in Moscow and St. Petersburg, they take loans for large amounts and pay them back faster. Residents of the center of Russia and Volga cities, on the contrary, take relatively small loans for a longer period. Most often, loans are used to repair, build and buy a car.

According to the company, in central Russia, citizens prefer to take loans for relatively small amounts and a long time. According to a study by Raiffeisen Bank, the average loan amount in this macro-region is about 360 thousand rubles. Residents of Volga cities also prefer small loans - about 380 thousand rubles.

The largest consumer loans are taken by residents of Moscow, St. Petersburg, as well as Far Eastern cities - Khabarovsk and Irkutsk. Here the average loan is 500-620 thousand rubles.

As of January 2020, consumer credit is most often used to solve everyday problems. The client does not have to indicate the purpose of the loan, but most often customers note that the loan is needed for repair, construction or purchase of a car. Much less often, a loan is taken for the purchase of household appliances or furniture - there are credit cards for this. In Raiffeisen Bank, the minimum cash loan rate is 8.99% per annum - this is an easy and profitable way to solve such problems. told Andrey Spivakov, Managing Director for Credit Retail Products, Raiffeisen Bank

The income of 26% of borrowers does not exceed 50 thousand rubles per month. Of these, 8.8% of borrowers live in Moscow and the North-West Federal District (NWFD), and 17% live in other regions of the country. 41% of customers have an income of 51-100 thousand rubles per month, among them there are significantly more Muscovites and residents of the Northwestern Federal District (25%). Thus, in these two regions, borrowers' incomes are higher.

For January 2020, the average loan term is 4.3 years or 51 months. At the same time, borrowers are trying to return the loan faster - on average, in 2 years, statistics showed. When concluding a loan agreement, the shortest loans are fixed in,, and Ivanovo Kazan. Kemerovo Here the loan term was 3.9-4.2 years. Residents were counting on the "longest" loans, and Blagoveshchensk- Izhevsk for Kirova 5.3-5.8 years.

The lowest monthly payment on a consumer loan was recorded in Stary Oskol, Kirov and Ivanovo - here it amounted to 5-7 thousand rubles. Most of all, the loan is paid in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Surgut - 12-15.5 thousand rubles.

2019

Russians owe banks more than 17.6 trillion rubles

On February 4, 2020, the National Association of Professional Collection Agencies (NAPKA) reported that at the end of 2019, Russians owed banks more than 17.6 trillion rubles, of which about 740-750 billion rubles account for overdue debt, excluding fines and penalties (according to the RAS reporting system). Thus, the share of overdue debt is about 4-4.2%.

It is worth noting that a year earlier the volume of overdue debts of individuals to banks did not exceed 757.5 billion rubles, and its share in the portfolio was at the level of 5%.

Thus, while we still see a tendency to reduce overdue debt both in absolute and share terms. According to analysts, there is a risk that in 2020 the delay will show positive dynamics for the first time in 2 years, but its pace will lie within the expected ones, and this will not lead to serious consequences.

At the same time, a number of regions of Russia are knocked out of statistics on the low level of payment discipline. For example, the share of overdue debt (one of the indicative indicators of financial health) in these regions is 1.5-3 times higher than the national average.

The list of regions where the population pays the worst on credit debts:

1. Republic of Ingushetia 13%
2. Karachay-Cherkess Republic 9%
3. Republic of North Ossetia - Alania 7%
4. Republic of Buryatia 6.5%
5. Republic of Adygea (Adygea) 6%
6. Chechen Republic 6%
7. Republic of Dagestan 6%
8. Kaliningrad region 6%
9. Kabardino-Balkar Republic 6%
10. Trans-Baikal Territory 5.5%
11. Krasnodar Territory 5%
12. Volgograd region 5%
13. Stavropol Territory 5%
14. Jewish Autonomous Region 5%
15. Republic of Tuva 5%
16. Astrakhan region 5%
17. Rostov region 5%
18. Samara region 5%
19. Republic of Kalmykia 5%
20. Republic Altai 5%
21. Krasnoyarsk Territory 5%
22. Kemerovo region - Kuzbass 5%
23. Ivanovo region 5%
24. Omsk region 5%
25. Amur Region 5%
26. Moscow of 5%
27. Irkutsk region 5%
28. Novgorod region 5%
29. Saratov region 5%
30. Republic of Khakassia 5%

It is interesting to note that it is these regions that are included in the list of leaders, where the share of promised payments is the lowest. Most likely, both the general low financial literacy of the population and the economic condition of the regions have their impact, as a result, it is reflected in the financial well-being of citizens:

1. Republic of Ingushetia
2. Ryazan region
3. Altai Republic
4. Alania
5. Republic of North Ossetia
6. Republic of Dagestan
7. Lipetsk region
8. Tambov region,
9. Republic of Adygea
10. Nenets Autonomous Okrug

At the same time, only in 15 regions the share of overdue debt is at the minimum level and does not exceed 3%.

1. Sevastopol of 1.6%
2. Nenets Autonomous Okrug 1.6%
3. Chukotka Autonomous Okrug 2%
4. Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 2%
5. Republic of Crimea 2%
6. Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra 2%
7. Chuvash Republic - Chuvashia 2%
8. Arkhangelsk region 3%
9. Udmurt Republic 3%
10. St. Petersburg 3%
11. Tyumen region 3%
12. Republic of Mari El 3%
13. Sakhalin Oblast 3%
14. Republic Komi 3%
15. Republic of Mordovia 3%

In February 2020, one economically active resident has an average of 18-20 thousand rubles of overdue debt, which is commensurate with one average monthly salary (66% of the average salary). Over 10 years, this indicator has grown 6 times - at the beginning of 2010, each economically active resident had no more than 3 thousand rubles of overdue debt, or 15% of the average salary.

1. Republic of Tuva 31,471
2. Moscow region 30 112
3. Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) 29 114
4. Karachay-Cherkess Republic 29,078
5. Tyumen region 28 806
6. Republic of Buryatia 28 761
7. Kaliningrad region 26 608
8. Moscow 26 452
9. Krasnoyarsk Territory 25 696
10. Republic of Adygea (Adygea) 25 667
11. Irkutsk region 25,000
12. Trans-Baikal Territory 24,452
13. Republic of Kalmykia 24 322
14. Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra 24 054
15. Amur region 23 404
16. Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug 23 329
17. Magadan region 22 841
18. Novosibirsk region 22 699
19. Jewish Autonomous Region 21 956
20. Krasnodar Territory 21 849
21. Republic of North Ossetia - Alania 21,631
22. Sverdlovsk region 21 290
23. Kemerovo region - Kuzbass 20 807
24. Kamchatka Territory 20 621
25. Astrakhan region 20 517
26. Republic of Khakassia 20 459
27. Rostov region 20 427
28. Perm Krai 20 402
29. Samara region 20 319
30. Murmansk region 19 684
31. Leningrad region 19 481
32. Omsk region 19 182
33. Komi Republic 19,163
34. Sakhalin Oblast 19 143
35. Khabarovsk Territory 19 078
36. St. Petersburg 18,883
37. Republic of Bashkortostan 18 833
38. Stavropol Territory 18,729
39. Republic of Altai 18 718
40. Novgorod region 18 700
41. Tula region 18 643
42. Volgograd region 18 589
43. Republic of Karelia 18,586
44. Orenburg region 18 339
45. Primorsky Krai 18 327
46. Ryazan region 18 123
47. Kaluga region 18 081
48. Vologda Oblast 17,967
49. Saratov region 17 447
50. Kurgan region 17 429
51. Chelyabinsk region 17 388
52. Tomsk region 17 059
53. Altai Territory 16,835
54. Ulyanovsk region 16 560
55. Yaroslavl region 16 355
56. Arkhangelsk region 16 086
57. Pskov region 15 843
58. Voronezh region 15 662
59. Smolensk region 15 531
60. Republic Of Tatarstan (Tatarstan) 15 143
61. Lipetsk region 15 080
62. Tambov region 14 870
63. Penza region 14 841
64. Tver region 14 832
65. Oryol region 14 723
66. Ivanovo region 14 708
67. Kursk region 14 650
68. Belgorod region 14 554
69. Kostroma region 14 391
70. Bryansk region 14 164
71. Nizhny Novgorod region 14,157
72. Vladimir region 13 783
73. Udmurt Republic 13,757
74. Chukotka Autonomous Okrug 13,333
75. Kirov region 13 289
76. Kabardino-Balkar Republic 12 529
77. Nenets Autonomous Okrug 12,511
78. Republic of Mari El 12 242
79. Chuvash Republic - Chuvashia 11 981
80. Republic of Mordovia 10 669
81. Republic of Ingushetia 7,750
82. Chechen Republic 6,463
83. Republic of Dagestan 5 909
84. Republic of Crimea 2,449
85. Sevastopol 1 866

Unfortunately, the Russian regions are too different in their economic development and often this gap is colossal. As we can see, the most serious situation remains in the regions of the North Caucasus, but there are also local problems in other federal districts. At the same time, it cannot be said that the situation is hopeless, as we see from practice, 70% of debtors manage to resolve the issue after they start working with overdue debts, reported to NAPKA

For 11 months, the volume of debt on retail loans increased by 16% to 17.39 trillion rubles

On January 30, 2020, it became known that the share of overdue debt in retail loan portfolios of banks for 11 months of 2019 decreased by 30 billion rubles and amounted to 4.3% of the total debt portfolio. Excluding mortgage debt (mortgages in retail loan portfolios account for 43%), the share of overdue loans occupies 6.7%, having decreased by 1.5 percentage points over the same period. Such conclusions were reached by analysts of the Debt Consultant collection agency based on an analysis of its own data and statistics of the regulator.

As reported, for 11 months of 2019, the volume of debt on retail loans increased by 16% or 2.38 trillion rubles to 17.39 trillion rubles. At the same time, the volume of overdue debts on bank balance sheets decreased by 4% from 774 to 744 billion rubles. The vector of decline in the share of overdue loans may continue due to restrictive measures in retail lending taken by the Bank of Russia in 2019.

The reduction of problematic debt on a national scale by 30 billion rubles in the context of an increase in lending indicates two multidirectional trends: banks and collection agencies have learned to recover well and quickly, and secondly, banks sell overdue debt from the balance sheet in order to keep the share of overdue debt at an acceptable level. told Denis Aksyonov, General Director of the Debt Consultant collection agency

In June 2020, a change in the legislation on a 30-day moratorium for banks on attracting third parties to the collection procedure comes into force, which will affect the dynamics of a decrease in overdue debt reflected on the balance sheet of banks.

The regulator managed to reduce the growth in consumer lending from 23-25% earlier to 16% by December 2019, but this is still double-digit growth rates, with a further slowdown in lending growth, the share of overdue loans will grow, and collection issues will become more relevant for banks. From a social point of view, the concentration of borrowers with overdue debts in some cities is very high, which affects the quality of life of the population in the regions. told Denis Aksyonov, General Director of the Debt Consultant collection agency

Excluding mortgage debt, the retail loan portfolio of banks grew by 13% to 9.96 trillion rubles. The volume of overdue debt decreased by 4% to 667.4 billion rubles. The leading regions in terms of overdue debt are traditionally Moscow and the Moscow region (the total share of these regions in the total volume is 20.2%), Krasnodar Territory (8%) and St. Petersburg (4%). Data on the top 15 regions are given in Table 1.

Table No. 1. Regions with the maximum amount of problem debts in the retail loan portfolio excluding mortgages.

The minimum reduction in the share of overdue debt on retail loans excluding mortgages was recorded in the Kaliningrad region (-0.15 percentage points), the Republic of Crimea (-0.3 percentage points) and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. The largest share of problem loans was noted in the Republic of Ingushetia (15.6%), the Karachay-Cherkess Republic (11.6%) and Buryatia (11.5%). Data on the top 15 regions are given in Table No. 2.

Table No. 2. Dynamics of changes in the share of overdue debt of retail loans excluding mortgages in the regional context.

The debt burden indicator of more than half of Russians exceeds 50%

According to the Ministry of Economic Development, in 2019, half of Russian borrowers sent more than 50% of their monthly income to loan payments. This was reported on November 22, 2019 in RBC.

According to the draft work plan of the government commission for economic development and integration prepared by the Ministry of Economic Development, in 2019 the debt burden (PDN) of half of Russian borrowers is 50 percent or more. That is, they spend more than half of their monthly income on repaying loans. In 2018, this figure was 42%.

The agency plans to reduce the share of credited citizens annually by 10 percentage points. by 2020, reducing the figure to 40%, and 2023-2024. - up to 10%.^[5]

Rating of regions by the level of debt burden of the population

The average level of debt load of Russians increased in 2019 from 44.9 to 47.1%. Most of all, banks owe residents of Kalmykia (86.2%), least of all - Ingushetia (9.9%).

6.1% of borrowers have loans in 4 or more banks

The share of the most risky customers of banks doubled in five years. There are about 2.5 million Russians in this group. In November 2019, 6.1% of borrowers had loans in four or more banks, in five years the share of such customers doubled. In November 2014, they were 3.15%.

The first reduction in the volume of issuance of consumer loans

The volume of issuance of consumer loans in May 2019 amounted to almost 250 billion rubles, having decreased in annual terms for the first time in 2019. In addition, the number of loans for the purchase of consumer goods decreased by 2.2%, to 1.4 million loans from 1.45 million last May.

More than 70% of MFI debtors are working borrowers under the age of 40

As the results of the SRO NAPKA study showed, the maximum number of debtors with a delay of 90 + are at the age of 25-30 years - almost a quarter of the total number (24.3%), in second place are borrowers aged 35-40 years (17.9%), close the top three category 31-34 years (16.4%). The minimum number is aged 51 years and older (51-60 - 8%, 61 + - 4%). As can be seen from statistics, more than 72% of debtors fall on the economically active population aged 25 to 40 years.

The prevalence of these ages among MFI debtors is explained by their greatest activity in consumer terms and the intensive development of the online segment of the microfinance market - in 2018, about 45% of loan agreements with MFIs were concluded online. It is this category that is considered more progressive in the use of technology, including financial. So, for example, the penetration of the Internet among those who are under 40 years old at the moment in Russia reaches 98%, among the older category this figure does not exceed 36%..

By using mobile applications, they take microloans as a whole much more often than the older generation, but in smaller sizes. So, for example, in 25-40 years, borrowers on average ask to give them 6.7-8 thousand rubles, and citizens over 50 years old request amounts of more than 12 thousand.

It is interesting to note that payment discipline also has a certain relationship with age - in young people at the stage of collecting overdue debts with a period of 90 + it is higher than in citizens of mature ages. Recall that in the segment of microloans, delinquency for a period of more than 90 days is in fact hopeless and difficult to recover due to the peculiarities of customers. Of all the "hopeless" MFI debtors who repaid the debt during the 1 half of 2019, the age category of 18-24 years was more active than others - in 11.6% cases, the recovery ended with a refund (Chart 2). The elderly over 60 years old worked slightly less actively with their debt: they repaid the debt 10.2% of the time. And the worst of all are debt obligations to MFIs by clients aged 31-50 years - despite stable earnings and the existing foundations of material well-being.

According to experts, if among the older category, payment discipline can be explained by life experience and "Soviet mentality" - take it back, then other trends prevail among young people. For example, the vast majority of young debtors repay their "small" debts to microfinance organizations after the refusal of another creditor to give them the necessary amount, including a mortgage. As a rule, at the age of 18, clients turn to MFIs because the bank either refused or wanted to make a purchase here and now, but over time, the young MFI client becomes more solvent and thinks about large purchases: a car, apartments. Obviously, under the current economic situation, when 70% of the population does not have any significant savings, it is not possible to make so many expensive purchases without using credit funds. At the same time, the bank is not ready to lend to a client with open overdue debts, partly because of the desire to correct their credit history, young people are more actively making contact with collectors. "

Speaking about the gender ratio of debtors, it should be noted that the share of women in older age categories among debtors is increasing. So, for example, if at the age of 18-30 years, women account for 45% of loans, then at the age of over 51 years - 60%.

400 thousand marginal borrowers, to whom no one gives loans

More than 400 thousand Russians fell into the category of so-called "marginal borrowers" - even microfinance organizations (MFIs) refuse to issue loans to them. They turned out to be mainly men who are from 26 to 35 years old. These borrowers receive a salary at the national average  level - 30-40 thousand rubles, and their monthly loan payment does not exceed five thousand rubles.

16% of loans to businesses and individuals in Russia for 10.2 trillion rubles are problematic

In July 2019, the S&P rating agency accused the Bank of Russia's banking supervision of a huge amount of problem loans. About 16% of loans issued by Russian banks are problematic: they are either already restructured or serviced with delays exceeding 90 days.

In monetary terms, we are talking about an amount of 10.2 trillion rubles (the entire loan portfolio of banks of the Central Bank is estimated at 64 trillion) - this is almost every sixth ruble issued by credit institutions in the form of loans to companies and individuals.

The share of problem loans in the Russian banking sector "is constant and primarily reflects the shortcomings of banking supervision," S&P states: these shortcomings led to the emergence of new "bad debts," exacerbating the consequences of the economic crises of 2009 and 2015.

Every fourth borrower gives banks 75% of the income

About 60% of Russian borrowers experience difficulties repaying debts to banks and MFIs as of June 2019, follows from a survey by the World Bank and Rospotrebnadzor. One in four gives away 75% of their income.

2017

The mortgage-exclusive retail loan portfolio has been continuously shrinking since November 2014 (except for a brief increase in July-August 2016), so the resumption of steady growth in mortgage-free lending in 2017 is a landmark event. The recovery of the portfolio growth is taking place against the background of a significant increase in the issuance of new loans in 2017.

Record of issuing loans and loans to the population

The retail lending market in 2017 showed impressive results in terms of the volume of loans and loans to the population. The indicators of several previous years were exceeded and even the record results of the pre-crisis 2013 were blocked.

At the same time, the risk of delinquency in the first year of issuance is almost twice as low as in 2013, for all types of loans it amounted to 4.5% (data from Equifax BKI). This is a fairly low risk indicator and is explained primarily by the adjustment by banks of their risk procedures after crisis years, as well as clear segmentation of good and bad customers. In addition, risk mitigation is achieved by improving overdue debt collection mechanisms.

Each credit institution has its own internal policies, its own ranges and methodology for dealing with overdue debts, but three debt repayment schemes are traditionally distinguished. The initial stage (soft) creditors use to return debts with delay up to 90 days and, as a rule, is limited to calls and messages from the creditor, the second (hard) is used when debt is more impressive in 90-180 days and is already more persistent. A creditor's representative may go to the debtor at his place of residence or at his working address to conduct a personal conversation. The third, the critical option (legal), is applied in case of delay of 180 days or more, in which case the credit institution goes to court.

Over the past 4 years, the retail lending market has seen an increase in collection efficiency at all three stages. At the soft stage, it is possible to return 80% of the debt formed in 2017, which is 14 percentage points higher than in 2014. Indicators in hard and legal are growing less intensively and amounted to 10 pp and 7 pp, respectively.

By segmenting the market into five groups (state banks, foreign banks, autobank monoliners and POS lending, MFIs) and analyzing the indicators of each of them, the following picture was obtained. The largest growth in collection efficiency is demonstrated by state-owned banks:

• soft from 63% to 85%;
• hard from 13% to 32%;
• legal from 1% to 22%.

The maximum indicators were recorded in the group of foreign banks:

• soft 86%,
• hard 33%,
• legal 34%.

The highest figure at the hard stage is characteristic of banks issuing exclusively car loans and is 40.6%, the figure has grown by 50% since 2014. A big role here is played by the specifics of the product, which is actually collateral and for which the level of return efficiency is higher than for unsecured loans.

The smallest growth indicators at all stages were recorded among microfinance market companies, the dynamics from 2014 to 2017 remains one of the lowest:

• soft from 41% to 49%;
• hard from 13% to 14%;
• legal from 7% to 21%.

The debt of Russians to banks increased to 12 trillion rubles

In 2017, the total debt of citizens of the Russian Federation increased to 12.2 trillion rubles, Kommersant reports. The statistics show data on 82 million people who took out a loan. It is noted that over the past year, over 5.7 trillion rubles were issued on credit. It should be noted that, according to the report of the United Credit Bureau, the number of loans issued is inferior to the amount of money issued: if the volume of loans in 2017 increased by 12%, then the loan increased by 37%^[6].

The leader in growth in volumes was the credit card segment: this year 660,000 more cards were issued compared to last year. And the volume of approved limits increased by 48%: the total limit for 2017 amounted to 544.5 billion.

Most of all, people took out a loan in cash: with an amount of over 24 million, the amount of money issued amounted to 2.97 trillion rubles. In 2017, over 21 million loans were issued in the amount of 2.23 trillion rubles.

In general, volume growth was observed in other areas of lending. Thus, the mortgage segment grew quantitatively by 30%, and the car loan - by 25%. It is also worth noting that at the end of 2017, about 698 thousand Russians declared themselves bankrupt.

FICO and NBCH: Credit Health Index

FICO and the National Bureau of Credit Histories (NBCH) record an increase in the Credit Health Index. This indicator over the past year increased by 2 points and amounted to 92 points (in July 2016 - 90 points). After a period of rapid decline in the Index in 2015 and its stabilization in 2016, in 2017 there was a trend towards its recovery. Currently, the Index has "returned" to the level of the second quarter of 2015.

FICO analyzed the NBCH data on lending to the population in all federal districts of Russia. The increase in the Index over the past year was observed in all federal districts, with the exception of the Northwestern, Siberian and Ural Federal Districts, in which its indicator remained unchanged. As of July 1, 2017, the most significant increase in this indicator was noted in the Central Federal District - immediately by 3 points. In the South and North Caucasus Federal District, the Index was 2 points higher than a year earlier. In the Far Eastern and Volga Federal District, the growth was 1 point.

At the same time, compared to the first quarter of 2017, the Credit Health Index in the Russian Federation increased by 1 point, and the largest increase in federal districts was noted in the Central and Ural Federal Districts - by 2 points. In turn, in the Volga, North-West and South Federal District, the increase in the Index was 1 point. In the Far Eastern, North Caucasus and Siberian Federal District, the Index indicator did not change for the quarter.

As of July 1, 2017, in three districts, the index value was higher than the all-Russian indicator. The leader is the Central Federal District - 97 points. Behind him is the North-West Federal District, the indicator of the Credit Health Index in which amounted to 95 points. In the Volga Federal District, the Index was slightly lower - 93 points. The remaining federal districts are below the all-Russian level - Far Eastern (90), Ural (90), South (89), North Caucasus (87) and Siberian (85).

The index is calculated by FICO specialists based on NBCH data. The calculation takes into account the share of "bad" debts among their total number (bad rate). At the same time, loans overdue for more than 60 days over the past six months are considered "bad." The first bad rate value is set as the initial index value of 100. The index is scaled in such a way that its decrease by 20 points means doubling bad rate, and an increase by 20 points means reducing bad rate by 2 times.

Romir: Russians refuse loans

In 2016, the share of Russians who did not take and did not pay off loans increased from 60% to 65%. This is evidenced by the results of a survey conducted in June 2017 by the Romir research holding. The survey was attended by 1.5 thousand respondents from all federal districts.

At the same time, the number of those who pay off several loans at once continues to decrease. Now there are 3% of them, although a year ago there were 6%, and before the crisis, in 2012, 17% at all. The share of Russians planning to get a loan in the coming year has decreased almost as sharply: from 14% in 2016 to 8% in 2017.

"The lending market is still in a difficult position, with the situation even slightly worse compared to the previous two years. Russians are trying to rely more on their own funds, refusing loans. Credit loyalty is shown mainly by the young and wealthy, "the study says

.

The general trend towards a decrease in the interest of Russians in loans, however, is not confirmed by participants in the mortgage market. On the contrary, according to AHML, in the first half of 2017 alone, over 420 thousand mortgage loans worth 765 billion rubles were issued in the country. This is 15% more than in 2016 and corresponds to the level of a record 2014. "The current state of the mortgage market is not a concern," agency analysts summarize.

2016

25.83 million (+ 14%) loans were issued for 3.25 trillion rubles (+ 28 %)

In 2016, banks issued 25.83 million new loans totaling more than 3.25 trillion rubles. In annual terms, the number of loans increased by 14%, and lending volumes increased by 28%. In 2015, 22.58 million loans were issued for 2.55 trillion rubles.

The number of new cash loans in annual terms increased by 18%, the volume of loans increased by 31%. In 2016, 17.09 million loans were issued for 1.75 trillion rubles, a year earlier banks issued 14.43 million loans for 1.34 trillion rubles. The average size of a new cash loan increased from 93 to 102 thousand rubles.

In the mortgage segment, the total number of new loans increased by 16%, lending volumes by 19%. In 2016, 575.04 thousand loans were issued for 945.89 billion rubles, in 2015 - 497.83 thousand loans for 797.20 billion rubles. The "average check" for mortgage loans increased from 1.60 to 1.64 million rubles.

The number of new car loans increased by 10%, and volumes by 25%. In 2016, 267.42 thousand car loans were issued for 195.08 billion rubles. against 244.15 thousand loans for 155.74 billion rubles. a year earlier. The average size of the issued car loan increased from 638 to 729 thousand rubles.

In the credit card segment, there is the smallest increase in the number of new cards with the most significant increase in the volume of new issues. The number of new cards grew by only 5% year-on-year, while the volume of approved limits increased by 44%. In 2016, more than 7.59 million cards were issued with a total limit of 335.37 billion rubles, a year earlier - 7.26 million cards for 223.31 billion rubles. The average limit on the card increased from 32 to 44 thousand rubles.

December 2016 was the most active month of the year, but the traditional seasonal surge in activity was lower than expected. If in December 2015 the number of new loans increased by 28% compared to November, then in 2016 the growth for the same period amounted to only 15%. This is most likely due to a more even distribution of population demand for loans throughout the year.

The level of nominal debt burden of Russians decreased to 33%

The Joint Credit Bureau analyzed the dynamics of the level of debt burden of the population for 2016 based on information about 66.5 million borrowers, information about which is stored in the Bureau, as well as data from the Federal State Statistics Service on the average monthly salary of citizens.

Credit load or PTI (payment-to-income) means the ratio of the size of monthly loans on all loans of the borrower to the level of his income. Normal in the bank classification is considered the PTI indicator at the level of 30-35%.

At the end of 2016, the nominal level of credit burden in Russia as a whole amounted to 33%, while in 2015 it was 37%. The average monthly payment for all loans per borrower amounted to 12.1 thousand rubles, a year ago it amounted to 12.7 thousand rubles. The average nominal income on average in Russia increased in 2016 by 2.7 thousand rubles.

According to the results of the past year, 14 regions were in the PTI range up to 35%, a year ago there were 8 such regions. In 15 regions of Russia, the level of credit burden still exceeds 50%, but back in 2015 there were 26 such regions.

• The lowest level of credit burden was noted in Chukotka (17%), Sakhalin region (22%), Tyumen region, taking into account the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (23%), Moscow (27%) and Kamchatka Territory (28%).
• The highest level of credit burden remains in Karachay-Cherkessia (69%), Kalmykia (59%), Kabardino-Balkaria (59%), Ivanovo (58%) and Oryol region. (55%).
• The level of credit burden among borrowers of Chukotka decreased most significantly (from 32% to 17%), Rep. Altai (from 52% to 38%), Dagestan (from 59% to 46%), Jewish Autonomous Region (from 41% to 29%) and Trans-Baikal Territory (from 50% to 39%). The most noticeable increase in the level of credit burden was noted in the Tambov region. (from 37% to 54%), Ulyanovsk region. (from 44% to 55%), Lipetsk region. (from 43% to 51%), Belgorod region. (from 39% to 46%) and Kabardino-Balkaria (from 55 to 59%).
• The highest monthly loan payments were in 2016 among residents of the Magadan region. (23.6 thousand rubles), Moscow (19.1 thousand rubles), Rep. Sakha (18.1 thousand rubles), Moscow region. (17.6 thousand rubles) and Kamchatka Territory (17.2 thousand rubles).
• The lowest payments from borrowers of Ingushetia (7.7 thousand rubles), Rep. Altai (9.0 thousand rubles), North Ossetia (9.2 thousand rubles), Chechen Rep. (9.2 thousand rubles) and Jewish JSC (9.3 thousand rubles).
• The largest decrease in the average payment on loans was recorded in Chukotka, where the payment immediately decreased by 10.9 thousand rubles. (from 25.6 to 14.7 thousand rubles), in the Jewish Autonomous Okrug - by 3.3 thousand rubles. (from 12.6 to 9.3 thousand rubles), Magadan region. - by 3.2 thousand rubles. (from 26.8 to 23.6 thousand rubles), Trans-Baikal Territory - by 2.8 thousand rubles. (from 15.5 to 12.7 thousand rubles) and Rep. Tuva - by 2.7 thousand rubles. (c15.2 to 12.5 thousand rubles).
• The average payment in the Tambov region grew the most. - by 4.3 thousand rubles. (from 8.0 to 12.3 thousand rubles), Ulyanovsk region - by 3.3 thousand rubles. (from 10.0 to 13.3 thousand rubles), Lipetsk region - by 2.8 thousand rubles. (from 10.6 to 13.4 thousand rubles), Belgorod region - by 2.4 thousand rubles. (from 9.9 to 12.3 thousand rubles) and in the Murmansk region - by 2.0 thousand rubles. (c14.3 to 16.3 thousand rubles).

2015

Russians owe banks 11 trillion rubles

According to Fitch, in total, Russians owed banks about 11 trillion rubles in 2015. And there are about 40 million such debtors, more than half of the economically active population of the country. Able to service its debts - about 8 million.

Lower lending across the board

Car loans "sank" the most. The decrease in the number compared to 2014 was 57%, volumes decreased by 54%. At the end of 2015, 230.6 thousand car loans worth more than 147 billion rubles were issued, in 2014 - 531 thousand for 323 billion rubles.

The "average check" for car loans increased from 608 to 638 thousand rubles, which is due, first of all, to an increase in car prices. The best dynamics was shown by the issuance of car loans in the II-III sq. which is associated with the launch of a preferential car loan program, stabilization of the national currency, as well as a consistent decrease in the key rate of the Central Bank from 14% to 11%.

In mortgages, the decrease in the number of new issues was 36%, volumes decreased by 38%. Last year, 470 thousand loans were issued for a total amount of about 749 billion rubles, in 2014 - 730 thousand loans for 1.2 trillion rubles. The "average check" for mortgage loans decreased from 1.65 to 1.59 million rubles. This is due to the fact that in 2015, Russians more often opted for a cheaper segment of housing in new buildings, which was provided with state support.

The number of cash loans issued in 2015 decreased by 29%, volumes - by 48%. In total, 13.9 million loans were issued in 2015 in the amount of about 1.3 trillion rubles, in 2014 - 19.5 million loans for 2.5 trillion rubles. The average cash loan fell from 127 to 93 thousand rubles.

Also, at the end of 2015, the issuance of credit cards decreased. The decrease in the number compared to 2014 was 27%, volumes decreased by 47%. In total, in 2015, 7 million cards were issued with a total limit of more than 241 billion rubles, in 2014 - 9.8 million cards for 454 billion rubles. The average limit on the card also decreased from 46 to 34 thousand rubles.

The number of loans issued decreased by 29%

The Joint Credit Bureau summed up the credit activity of Russians in 2015. Compared to 2014, the number of loans issued decreased by 29%, and the volume of loans issued - by 46%. In total, in 2015, banks issued 21.7 million new loans totaling more than 2.4 trillion rubles. In 2014, 30.6 million loans were issued in the total amount of 4.5 trillion rubles.

At the end of 2015, the population had 74.7 million active loans totaling 9.05 trillion rubles, data from the United Credit Bureau.

The number of overdue loans over the past year increased by 9%: from 11.5 to 12.6 million loans. The share of overdue loans at the end of the year amounted to 16.8% of the total number of active loans. The number of "bad" loans with non-payments for more than 90 days over the year increased by 23%: from 7.7 to 9.5 million units. The share of such loans amounted to 12.5% of the total number of active loans at the end of the year.

Despite a moderate increase in the number of overdue loans, the volume of overdue debt continues to grow at a rapid pace. In 2015, the growth amounted to 48%: from 775 to 1,150 billion rubles. Now the share of overdue debt is 12.7% of the total loan debt of citizens. The volume of "bad" debts with late payments for more than 90 days over the past year increased by 51% from 736 to 1,115 billion rubles.

The highest growth rates in overdue debt volumes were shown in 2015 by the traditionally stable segment of mortgage loans. This is primarily due to the recalculation of foreign currency mortgages at new foreign exchange rates. Despite the fact that foreign currency loans make up no more than 1% of the total number of mortgage loans, the weakening of the national currency negatively affected the entire mortgage portfolio.

In total, at the end of the year, there were 2.6 million active mortgage loans in the portfolios of banks totaling just under 3.3 trillion rubles.

The number of overdue mortgage loans for the year decreased by 3%: from 84 to 82 thousand loans. At the end of the year, the share of loans with late payment amounted to 3.2% of the total mortgage portfolio of banks. However, the volume of overdue mortgage debt increased by 58%: from 83 to 132 billion rubles. Currently, the share of overdue debt is just over 4% of the total loan debt on mortgages.

Traditionally, cash loans were poorly serviced. The total number of active loans at the end of the year amounted to 35 million units for a total amount of more than 6.6 trillion rubles.

The number of overdue loans in this segment increased by 9% since the beginning of the year: from 6.6 to 7.2 million units. By the end of the year, the share of overdue loans amounted to 20.6%. The volume of overdue debt in this segment increased by 48% over the year: from 450 to 709 billion rubles. The share of overdue debt amounted to 16.6% of all loan debt on cash loans.

At the end of 2015, the credit card portfolio totaled 35.6 million loans totaling RUB 928 billion.

The number of overdue cards in 2015 increased by 11%: from 4.6 to 5.1 million units. The share of overdue loans is now 14.4% of the total number of active credit cards. The growth of overdue debt amounted to 54% over the year: from 157 to 242 billion rubles. In December, the share of overdue debt exceeded 26% of the total loan debt on cards.

The car loan segment showed a moderate growth rate of overdue debt. At the end of 2015, banks had more than 1.4 million car loans in their loan portfolios totaling just over RUB 536 billion.

The number of overdue loans since the beginning of the year increased by 5%: from 180 to 189 thousand units. The share of overdue loans from the total number of car loans amounted to 13.2%. The volume of overdue debt increased by 27%: from 54 to 68 billion rubles. The share of overdue debt is now 12.7% of the total loan debt on car loans.

author = Zelenskiy Daniel, CEO, Joint Credit Bureau In 2015, banks practically did not increase their loan portfolios, which affected the reduction in loan debt and a slight increase in the number of new loans. On the one hand, borrowers were in no hurry to take loans at high rates, and on the other, banks seriously tightened the requirements for potential borrowers. This tactic of banks had a positive effect on the growth rate of the number of overdue loans: since the beginning of 2015, the growth was only 12%. However, the volume of overdue debt continued to grow at almost the same high pace as last year. It should be noted that the growth is mainly due to old debts (with overdue payment of more than 90 days). The share of such debts exceeds 95% of the total overdue debt. Unfortunately, it is almost impossible to return this money, so banks are forced to clear their portfolios by writing off "bad" debts or selling portfolios to collectors.

In 2015, most banks restricted lending to the open market, focusing mainly on working with current client portfolios: salary clients, deposit holders, etc. In October-November, the trend began to change, some credit organizations begin to gradually lend to customers "from the street."

The current macroeconomic situation, a decrease in real incomes of the population, a lack of foreign investment are unlikely to allow banks to significantly increase lending next year. The factor that can revive credit activity is a further decrease in the key rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, and as a result, a decrease in credit rates by commercial banks. The share of overdue debt in a situation of insufficient inflow of new loans is likely to continue to grow at a moderate pace.

2014: Mortgage beats cash loans for first time

In December 2014, banks issued mortgage loans for 227.6 billion rubles, surpassing unsecured lending in this indicator (225 billion rubles), follows from the analytical report of the consulting company Frank RG. A year earlier, in December 2013, the issuance of mortgages lagged behind consumer loans twice - 184 billion and 383 billion rubles. respectively.

"Banks are squeezing risky unsecured lending," explains Frank RG CEO Yuri Gribanov. The trend towards lagging behind retail lending from mortgages was manifested, according to him, back in the summer of 2014.

Unsecured lending is under pressure from two sides, says a representative of HKF Bank. Firstly, the Central Bank seriously regulates the issuance of such loans and this led to a "significant cooling" of the market. The regulator began to pursue such a policy back in 2013 - it consistently tightened reserve standards and capital requirements for retail banks, trying to stop the growth of debt burden on the population.

Secondly, in the second half of 2014, an additional factor was added: incomes of the population began to decline, followed by consumer demand, and interest rates on loans increased.

"Retail

lending is experiencing such a bias for the first time," says Gribanov. In the crisis year 2009, banks reduced the issuance of all loans, he recalls, but a year later, on the contrary, they rushed into high-yield subprime lending; such market participants as HKF-Bank, Vostochny Express, Trust climbed it. This time, this market is unlikely to recover as quickly, Gribanov doubts. A particularly difficult situation in the regions, he draws attention: the incomes of the population there are declining faster than in Moscow and St. Petersburg, and the unemployment rate is higher. Meanwhile, it was the residents of the regions - just because they have a lower level of income than the capital's residents - who more often recruited subprime loans. "Banks are increasingly complaining that non-return is growing in the regions, and this is not the result of fraud, as was often the case before the crisis, but social defaults," says Gribanov.

"For retail banks - HKF, OTP, Russian Standard, etc. - difficult times have come, they will have to fight for efficiency: to reduce personnel and the network, which they do not need with such a drop in lending, to attract more reliable categories of customers," he summarizes.

2012: The average volume of debt burden is 70 thousand rubles

The average debt burden on Russians from 2007 to 2012 increased from 20 to 70 thousand rubles, while salaries for the same period increased only from 12 to 27 thousand rubles. This is stated in a study by the credit bureau Equifax on the behavior of Russian borrowers (December 2012).

Equifax data indicate that the debts of Russians are growing one and a half times faster than average wages. At the same time, the level of debt burden of citizens remains much lower than in Europe, where the average debt on loans is close to annual earnings.

The Equifax study also notes that the number of borrowers on which more than one loan "hangs" is gradually growing in Russia. The average borrower serves 1.38 loans, the report said. For comparison, back in 2008, this figure was 1.23 loans.

The seasonality of the Russian credit market is noted: Russians sharply increase credit activity in December, and in January there is a sharp decline in interest in borrowed money.

Collection agencies (Russian market)

Main article Collection agencies (Russian market)

• Code of Ethics and Standards for Dealing with Overdue Debts in the Market of Microfinance Organizations

Bankruptcies in Russia

Main articleBankruptcy in Russia

Notes